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PLEASE NOTE THIS STUDY WAS ON HOLD FROM APRIL 2020 UNTIL JANUARY 2021 DUE TO MATERNITY LEAVE. UPON REVISITING THE PROJECT, AN UPDATED SEARCH WAS CONDUCTED USING THE SAME TERMS AND CRITERIA OF THE ORIGINAL PREREGISTRATION. WHEN PRESENTING A META-ANALYSIS IT IS ESSENTIAL TO CONSIDER THE QUALITY AND STRUCTURE OF THE CONTRIBUTING DATA. IT BECAME APPARENT THAT THIS META-ANALYSIS WOULD BENEFIT FROM AN EXPANDED CODING AND ANALYTIC APPROACH. THEREFORE, THE FOLLOWING PREREGISTRATION CONTAINS UPDATED HYPOTHESES TO REFLECT SOME EXPANDED VARIABLES (E.G., BENEFICIARY/NON-BENEFICIARY STATUS) AND A REVISED ANALYSIS PLAN TO REORGANISE AND METHODICALLY PRESENT THE DATA. AT THE TIME OF THIS PREREGISTRATION REVIEW, ALL PAPERS FOR INCLUSION HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND THE FINAL DATA EXTRACTION IS UNDERWAY, HOWEVER, DATA ANALYSES HAVE NOT COMMENCED. THE ORIGINAL PREREGISTRATION CAN BE VIEWED USING THE FOLLOWING LINK: osf.io/jvnbf. More than four decades of research have investigated the negative effects of affirmative action programs which preferentially favour underrepresented or previously disadvantaged minorities, such as women and ethnic groups. Despite these findings, affirmative action programs are widely used in both organizational and educational settings. This study aims to review and aggregate this research to better understand the impact of different types of affirmative action programs on a range of outcomes. This goal will be achieved by conducting a comprehensive systematic search, followed by a meta-analysis and p-curve analysis. Previous meta-analyses have begun to assess some responses to affirmative action (e.g., Harrison et. al, 2006; Leslie, Mayer & Kravitz, 2014), however these studies do not examine the full range of possible responses to affirmative action programs. Therefore, many responses to affirmative action remain unknown and unable to assist in the development of a comprehensive best practice approach. Our systematic review will comprehensively search the literature to identify studies which meet our eligibility criteria. We will evaluate responses in the presence and absence of affirmative action to better understand the effects of these programs. By conducting a meta-analysis, we will be able to quantify the effect size for affirmative action and identify any factors influencing responses to these programs. We will also conduct a p-curve analysis to analyse if selective reporting may explain statistically significant results, which could impact the effect sizes contributing to the results of the meta-analysis. The primary research question of our study asks: a) Does the presence of an affirmative action program impact the magnitude of responses when compared to a control condition in which affirmative action is absent? Additionally, our study aims to explore relationships within this effect and identify conditions which change the direction or size of any observed effects. Specifically: b) Does the magnitude of responses differ for beneficiaries of affirmative action when compared to non-beneficiaries? And is there a further difference between the responses of actual and potential beneficiaries/non-beneficiaries of affirmative action? c) Do affirmative action programs have a greater impact on behavioral or attitudinal responses? And do these programs have a greater effect on attitudes about oneself or towards external factors (e.g., attitudes towards the organization)? d) Does the strength of the affirmative action program (i.e., weak, tiebreak or strong as defined below) affect the magnitude of the responses to the program? e) Does the type of sample (i.e., student or employee) affect the magnitude of responses to the programs? f) Does the context of the affirmative action (i.e., educational or workplace setting) affect the magnitude of responses to the programs? g) Does the magnitude of responses differ when the affirmative action is involving a selection process (e.g., quotas), as opposed to a developmental strategy (e.g., additional training for minority employees)? h) Is the magnitude of responses to affirmative action affected by whether the program targets women, racial/ethnic minorities or a combination of both? |
