Testing and development of transfer functions for weighing precipitation gauges in WMO-SPICE
| Autor: | Mareile Wolff, Roy Rasmussen, Michael E. Earle, Eva Mekis, Yves-Alain Roulet, Ragnar Brækkan, Bruce Baker, Daqing Yang, Craig D. Smith, Kai Wong, Rodica Nitu, Scott Landolt, John Kochendorfer, Tilden P. Meyers, Ketil Isaksen, Samuel Buisán, Audrey Reverdin, Albert Jachcik |
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| Rok vydání: | 2018 |
| Předmět: |
Engineering
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences Meteorology 0208 environmental biotechnology Spice Magnitude (mathematics) Shields Precipitation 02 engineering and technology lcsh:Technology Spatial variability 01 natural sciences Transfer function lcsh:TD1-1066 Shield lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering lcsh:Environmental sciences 0105 earth and related environmental sciences lcsh:GE1-350 lcsh:T business.industry lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation Gauge (firearms) 020801 environmental engineering lcsh:G Gauge Electromagnetic shielding Precipitation measurements business |
| Zdroj: | ARCIMIS. Archivo Climatológico y Meteorológico Institucional (AEMET) Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET) Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol 22, Pp 1437-1452 (2018) |
| ISSN: | 1607-7938 |
| DOI: | 10.5194/hess-22-1437-2018 |
| Popis: | Adjustments for the undercatch of solid precipitation caused by wind were developed for different weighing gauge/wind shield combinations tested in WMO-SPICE. These include several different manufacturer-provided unshielded and single-Alter shielded weighing gauges, a MRW500 precipitation gauge within a small, manufacturer-provided shield, and host-provided precipitation gauges within double-Alter, Belfort double-Alter, and small Double-Fence Intercomparison Reference (SDFIR) shields. Previously-derived adjustments were also tested on measurements from each weighing gauge/wind shield combination. The transfer functions developed specifically for each of the different types of unshielded and single-Alter shielded weighing gauges did not perform significantly better than the more generic and universal transfer functions developed previously using measurements from eight different WMO-SPICE sites. This indicates that wind shield type (or lack thereof) is more important in determining the magnitude of wind-induced undercatch than the type of weighing precipitation gauge. It also demonstrates the potential for widespread use of the previously-developed, multi-site single-Alter shielded and unshielded transfer functions. In addition, corrections for the lower-porosity Belfort double-Alter shield and a standard double-Alter shield were developed and tested using measurements from two separate sites for the first time. Among all of the manufacturer-provided shields tested, with an average undercatch of about 5 %, the Belfort double Alter shield required the least amount of correction, and caught ~ 80 % of the reference amount of precipitation even in snowy conditions with wind speeds greater than 5 m s−1. The SDFIR-shielded gauge accumulated 98 % of the Double-Fence Automated Reference (DFAR) precipitation amount on average, accumulated 90 % of the DFAR accumulation in high winds, and was almost indistinguishable from the full-sized DFAR used as a reference. In general, the more effective wind shields, that were associated with smaller unadjusted errors, also produced more accurate measurements after adjustment. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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