Chikungunya Virus in Macaques, Malaysia

Autor: Frankie Thomas Sitam, Jolene Y.L. Fu, Jeffrine J. Rovie-Ryan, I-Ching Sam, C.L. Chua, Charmaine Tong, Yoke Fun Chan
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2015
Předmět:
Zdroj: Emerging Infectious Diseases
Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 21, Iss 9, Pp 1683-1685 (2015)
ISSN: 1080-6059
1080-6040
Popis: To the Editor: In the past 10 years, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has caused global epidemics of fever, rash, and arthralgia affecting millions of humans, most recently in the Americas (1). CHIKV is an alphavirus transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. This virus has been isolated from wild vertebrates, particularly nonhuman primates (NHPs), in Africa (2). This sylvatic cycle might maintain the virus during interepidemic periods. The role of sylvatic cycles in Asia is less clear. Encroachment of human settlements into forests has caused increased conflict between humans and macaques for space and resources in urban and rural areas. This interface exposes humans to zoonotic pathogens found in monkeys, such as CHIKV, dengue virus, and Plasmodium knowlesi. The most common macaque species in Peninsular Malaysia is the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis); an estimated population of >130,000 monkeys live in human-populated areas (3). We determined the potential role of long-tailed macaques in conflict with humans as a reservoir of CHIKV in Malaysia. In response to reports of long-tailed macaques in human-populated areas, the Malaysian Department of Wildlife and National Parks traps monkeys in these areas and relocates them to forest areas. As part of the Wildlife Disease Surveillance Program conducted by Outbreak Response Team of this department, with assistance from the EcoHealth Alliance, serum samples were collected from 147 long-tailed macaques at >20 sites in the states of Selangor (88 monkeys), Negeri Sembilan (21), Perak (18), Pahang (17), and Penang (3) (Figure). Samples were collected in October–November 2009 and October 2010, just after a nationwide outbreak of CHIKV that affected >13,000 persons in 2008–2009 (4). These samples represent 0.05%–0.29% of estimated populations of long-tailed macaques in human-populated areas in these 5 states (3). Figure Cases of human infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) per 100,000 persons in 5 states in Peninsular Malaysia, 2008–2009, and sites where monkeys were sampled in 2009–2010. Published CHIKV case numbers were used (4), and published estimated ... A seroneutralization assay was performed by using baby hamster kidney cells to screen for neutralizing antibodies against CHIKV in heat-inactivated monkey serum samples. Samples at a 1:20 dilution that neutralized CHIKV in 3 months, infectious CHIKV is not detectable beyond 44 days (10), and long-term neutralizing immunity is present for >180 days (5). However, there is no evidence for long-term active CHIKV infection and its recrudescence in macaques or humans. A limitation of our study was the relatively small number of monkeys sampled. Although we found no overall significant correlation between incidence of human cases of infection with CHIKV and estimated number of long-tailed macaques per 100,000 persons in each state (r2 = 0.05, p = 0.49), we cannot exclude the involvement of long-tailed macaques in a local outbreak at a specific site. Long-term dynamics of antibodies against CHIKV in long-tailed macaques are not known, which might affect sensitivity of detection assays. We conclude that long-tailed macaques in conflict with humans in specific areas probably played a small part in transmission of CHIKV during recent large outbreaks in humans in Malaysia. Human–mosquito–human transmission and travel by infected humans were probably the major factors involved in spread of this virus. If a true sylvatic reservoir that effectively maintains CHIKV is present in Malaysia, long-tailed macaques might play only a minor role. In addition, involvement of other NHPs and mammals remains to be elucidated.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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