High Salt Elicits Brain Inflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction, Accompanied by Alternations in the Gut Microbiota and Decreased SCFA Production
| Autor: | Xingxing Cao, Xiaoping Peng, Wanjuan Peng, Shaoping Zhu, Bin Zhao, Kanglan Li, Chenyao Kang, Zhou Liu, Li Hu, Yu Zhong |
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| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
medicine.medical_specialty Hippocampus Inflammation Butyrate Gut flora Blood–brain barrier Proinflammatory cytokine 03 medical and health sciences Mice 0302 clinical medicine Internal medicine medicine Animals Cognitive Dysfunction Salt intake Sodium Chloride Dietary Maze Learning biology Chemistry General Neuroscience Lachnospiraceae Brain General Medicine biology.organism_classification Fatty Acids Volatile Gastrointestinal Microbiome Mice Inbred C57BL Psychiatry and Mental health Clinical Psychology 030104 developmental biology medicine.anatomical_structure Endocrinology Blood-Brain Barrier Female Geriatrics and Gerontology medicine.symptom Inflammation Mediators 030217 neurology & neurosurgery |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. 77(2) |
| ISSN: | 1875-8908 |
| Popis: | Background: Excessive salt intake is considered as an important risk factor for cognitive impairment, which might be the consequence of imbalanced intestinal homeostasis. Objective: To investigate the effects of dietary salt on the gut microbiota and cognitive performance and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Adult female C57BL/6 mice were maintained on either normal chow (control group, CON) or sodium-rich chow containing 8% NaCl (high-salt diet, HSD) for 8 weeks. Spatial learning and memory ability, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations, gut bacterial flora composition, blood-brain barrier permeability, and proinflammatory cytokine levels and apoptosis in the brain were evaluated. Results: The mice fed a HSD for 8 weeks displayed impaired learning and memory abilities. HSD significantly reduced the proportions of Bacteroidetes (S24-7 and Alloprevotella) and Proteobacteria and increased that of Firmicutes (Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae). SCFA concentrations decreased in the absolute concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the fecal samples from the HSD-fed mice. The HSD induced both BBB dysfunction and microglial activation in the mouse brain, and increased the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression levels in the cortex. More importantly, the degree of apoptosis was higher in the cortex and hippocampus region of mice fed the HSD, and this effect was accompanied by significantly higher expression of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-3, and caspase-1. Conclusion: The HSD directly causes cognitive dysfunction in mice by eliciting an inflammatory environment and triggering apoptosis in the brain, and these effects are accompanied by gut dysbiosis, particularly reduced SCFA production. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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