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Active medical implants play a crucial role in cardiovascular medicine. Their task is to monitor and treat patients with minimal side effects. Furthermore, they are expected to operate autonomously over a long period of time. However, the most common electrical implants, cardiac pacemakers—as all other electrical implants—run on an internal battery that needs to be replaced before its end of life. Typical pacemaker battery life cycles are in the range of 8–10 years1; however, they strongly depend on the device type and usage. |
