Leakage Rates of Refrigerants CFC-12, HCFC-22, and HFC-134a from Operating Mobile Air Conditioning Systems in Guangzhou, China: Tests inside a Busy Urban Tunnel under Hot and Humid Weather Conditions
| Autor: | van Pinxteren, M., Fomba, K., Triesch, N., Stolle, C., Wurl, O., Bahlmann, E., Gong, X., Voigtlaender, J., Wex, H., Robinson, T., Barthel, S., Zeppenfeld, S., Hoffmann, E., Roveretto, M., Li, C., Grosselin, B., Daele, V., Senf, F., van Pinxteren, D., Manzi, M., Zabalegui, N., Frka, S., Gasparovic, B., Pereira, R., Li, T., Wen, L., Li, J., Zhu, C., Chen, H., Chen, J., Fiedler, B., Von Tuempling, W., Read, K., Punjabi, S., Lewis, A., Hopkins, J., Carpenter, L., Peeken, I., Rixen, T., Schulz-Bull, D., Monge, M., Mellouki, A., George, C., Stratmann, F., Herrmann, H. |
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| Přispěvatelé: | Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des Sciences de l'Ingénierie et des Systèmes (INSIS), IRCELYON-Catalytic and Atmospheric Reactivity for the Environment (CARE), Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), European Project: 690958,H2020,H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015,MARSU(2016), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) |
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Engineering
South china 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences Ecology Waste management business.industry Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Environmental engineering [CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis 010501 environmental sciences [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society 7. Clean energy 01 natural sciences Pollution Refrigerant 13. Climate action Air conditioning 11. Sustainability Environmental Chemistry business Waste Management and Disposal Hot and humid 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Water Science and Technology Leakage (electronics) |
| Zdroj: | Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2017, 4 (11), pp.481-486. ⟨10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00445⟩ |
| ISSN: | 2328-8930 |
| DOI: | 10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00445 |
| Popis: | SSCI-VIDE+CARE+CGO:XWG; International audience; Determining the leakage rates of halogenated refrigerants from operating mobile air conditioning systems (MACs) is a challenging task. Here, we take advantage of a heavily trafficked tunnel with a traffic flow of over 40,000 motor vehicles per day in south China. We carried out measurements in 2014 on hot and humid days, and therefore, it is reasonable to assume that essentially all of the MAC units would be turned on to ensure the thermo-comfort of the occupants. Thus, we obtained the leakage rates of the three most important refrigerants from the operating MACs aboard the on-road vehicles. The emission factors (EFs) of HFC-134a, HCFC-22, and CFC-12 from the on-road operating MACs are 1.27 ± 0.11, 0.47 ± 0.04, and 0.17 ± 0.04 mg km −1 veh −1 , respectively. Normalized by the percentages of vehicles using different refrigerants in their MACs, the emission rates of HFC-134a, HCFC-22, and CFC-12 are 52.2, 329, and 59.5 mg h −1 veh −1 , respectively. This emission rate of HFC-134a is approximately 10 times higher than those previously reported in Europe for stationary conditions and a whole-lifetime average of fugitive losses. The unusually high leakage rates suggest that improving the leak tightness of MACs in China would help to greatly lower their emissions. The global warming potentials associated with refrigerant leakage is equal to 1.4% of the CO 2 directly emitted due to fuel consumptions. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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