Defining the Salvage Time Window for the Use of Ischemic Postconditioning in Skeletal Muscle Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
| Autor: | Shaun D. Mendenhall, Ryan W. Schmucker, Michael W. Neumeister, Mei Yang, Joel Reichensperger |
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| Rok vydání: | 2015 |
| Předmět: |
Male
Time Factors Ischemia Caspase 3 Inflammation Risk Assessment Rats Sprague-Dawley Biopsy medicine Animals Gracilis muscle Ischemic Postconditioning Muscle Skeletal Salvage Therapy biology medicine.diagnostic_test business.industry Biopsy Needle Skeletal muscle medicine.disease Immunohistochemistry Rats Nitric oxide synthase Disease Models Animal medicine.anatomical_structure Treatment Outcome Anesthesia Reperfusion Injury biology.protein Surgery medicine.symptom business Reperfusion injury |
| Zdroj: | Journal of reconstructive microsurgery. 31(8) |
| ISSN: | 1098-8947 |
| Popis: | BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the optimal salvage time window within which ischemic postconditioning can be used to ameliorate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in skeletal muscle. METHODS A total of 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: I/R only (control) and I/R with postconditioning. Subgroups were divided by duration of ischemia (2, 4, 6, and 8 hours). A pedicled gracilis muscle model was used. The postconditioning protocol consisted of six cycles of 15 seconds of reperfusion followed by 15 seconds of ischemia (total time = 3 minutes). Muscles were harvested 24 hours after I/R injury to examine tissue viability, histology, myeloperoxidase activity, and protective gene expression. RESULTS Postconditioning groups showed improved muscle viability after 4 and 6 hours of ischemia time as compared with controls (p < 0.05). Higher expression of mitochondrial complexes I, II, III, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and Bcl-2 were observed in the postconditioning group after 4 and 6 hours of ischemia (p < 0.05). Lower expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and caspase 3 was observed in the postconditioning group at 4 hours (p < 0.05). Myeloperoxidase activity was similar in both groups at all-time points except 8 hours ischemia, where the control group had higher activity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Results of this study demonstrate that the effective time window within which postconditioning is most effective for the salvage of skeletal muscle is between 4 and 6 hours of ischemia. Postconditioning offered improved mitochondrial and vascular function with decreased inflammation and cell death. This may be clinically useful as a postinjury salvage technique to attenuate I/R injury after 4 to 6 hours of ischemia. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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