Surviving Reactive Chlorine Stress: Responses of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Hypochlorous Acid
| Autor: | Vasily Inkovskiy, Joerg Overhage, Waleska Stephanie da Cruz Nizer |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Microbiology (medical)
Gram-negative bacteria Hypochlorous acid sodium hypochlorite Review Microbiology Viable but nonculturable VBNC 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Virology oxidative stress Secretion antimicrobial resistance lcsh:QH301-705.5 030304 developmental biology 0303 health sciences biology 030306 microbiology Chemistry Biofilm pathogens reactive chlorine species stress response biology.organism_classification Cell biology lcsh:Biology (General) Hsp33 household bleach hypochlorous acid Bacteria Intracellular |
| Zdroj: | Microorganisms, Vol 8, Iss 1220, p 1220 (2020) Microorganisms |
| ISSN: | 2076-2607 |
| Popis: | Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and its active ingredient, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), are the most commonly used chlorine-based disinfectants. HOCl is a fast-acting and potent antimicrobial agent that interacts with several biomolecules, such as sulfur-containing amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids, and membrane components, causing severe cellular damage. It is also produced by the immune system as a first-line of defense against invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize the adaptive responses of Gram-negative bacteria to HOCl-induced stress and highlight the role of chaperone holdases (Hsp33, RidA, Cnox, and polyP) as an immediate response to HOCl stress. We also describe the three identified transcriptional regulators (HypT, RclR, and NemR) that specifically respond to HOCl. Besides the activation of chaperones and transcriptional regulators, the formation of biofilms has been described as an important adaptive response to several stressors, including HOCl. Although the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in HOCl biofilm stimulation is limited, studies have shown that HOCl induces the formation of biofilms by causing conformational changes in membrane properties, overproducing the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, and increasing the intracellular concentration of cyclic-di-GMP. In addition, acquisition and expression of antibiotic resistance genes, secretion of virulence factors and induction of the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state has also been described as an adaptive response to HOCl. In general, the knowledge of how bacteria respond to HOCl stress has increased over time; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in this stress response is still in its infancy. A better understanding of these mechanisms could help understand host-pathogen interactions and target specific genes and molecules to control bacterial spread and colonization. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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