Pholedrine is a marker of direct disposal of methamphetamine
Autor: | Cobus Gerber, Andrew Chappell, Maulik Ghetia, Richard Bade, Jason M. White |
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Přispěvatelé: | Bade, Richard, Ghetia, Maulik, Chappell, Andrew, White, Jason M, Gerber, Cobus |
Jazyk: | angličtina |
Rok vydání: | 2021 |
Předmět: |
Environmental Engineering
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences illicit drugs Wastewater 010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Methamphetamine Environmental health South Australia medicine Environmental Chemistry Waste Management and Disposal 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Australia Wastewater based epidemiology stability Pollution wastewater-based epidemiology Substance Abuse Detection Pholedrine Environmental science Biomarkers Water Pollutants Chemical medicine.drug New Zealand |
Popis: | Consumption of methamphetamine has primarily been estimated in wastewater-based epidemiology by measuring the parent compound. However, this could lead to overestimation when methamphetamine is directly disposed into the sewer system. In this respect, it would be advantageous to measure a specific metabolite of methamphetamine instead. We identified 4-hydroxymethamphetamine (pholedrine) as a potential marker. Stability experiments were performed in both filtered and unfiltered wastewater. Correlations with relative loads in wastewater were used to establish its potential as a marker of direct disposal of methamphetamine, or even as a wastewater-based epidemiology biomarker of methamphetamine consumption. This study then investigated the use of pholedrine in combination with methamphetamine to better detect direct disposal events and its potential as a marker of methamphetamine consumption. Examples from both South Australia and New Zealand exemplify the use of pholedrine to identify potential instances of direct disposal of methamphetamine. Refereed/Peer-reviewed |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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