Spatial variation of PM elemental composition between and within 20 European study areas - Results of the ESCAPE project
Autor: | Tsai, Ming-Yi, Hoek, Gerard, Eeftens, Marloes, de Hoogh, Kees, Beelen, Rob, Beregszászi, Timea, Cesaroni, Giulia, Cirach, Marta, Cyrys, Josef, De Nazelle, Audrey, de Vocht, Frank, Ducret-Stich, Regina, Eriksen, Kirsten, Galassi, Claudia, Gražuleviciene, Regina, Gražulevicius, Tomas, Grivas, Georgios, Gryparis, Alexandros, Heinrich, Joachim, Hoffmann, Barbara, Iakovides, Minas, Keuken, Menno, Krämer, Ursula, Künzli, Nino, Lanki, Timo, Madsen, Christian, Meliefste, Kees, Merritt, Anne-Sophie, Mölter, Anna, Mosler, Gioia, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J, Pershagen, Göran, Phuleria, Harish, Quass, Ulrich, Ranzi, Andrea, Schaffner, Emmanuel, Sokhi, Ranjeet, Stempfelet, Morgane, Stephanou, Euripides, Sugiri, Dorothea, Taimisto, Pekka, Tewis, Marjan, Udvardy, Orsolya, Wang, Meng, Brunekreef, Bert, LS IRAS EEPI ME (Milieu epidemiologie), Dep IRAS, Risk Assessment of Toxic and Immunomodulatory Agents, IRAS RATIA2 |
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Přispěvatelé: | LS IRAS EEPI ME (Milieu epidemiologie), Dep IRAS, Risk Assessment of Toxic and Immunomodulatory Agents, IRAS RATIA2 |
Jazyk: | angličtina |
Rok vydání: | 2015 |
Předmět: |
Urban Mobility & Environment
Air-Pollution Air pollution Chemical-Composition Urbanisation PM2.5 Environment medicine.disease_cause Spatial distribution Absorbance PM10 Spatial contrasts medicine Humans Cities Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) lcsh:Environmental sciences General Environmental Science lcsh:GE1-350 Pollutant Air Pollutants Analysis of Variance Trace elements Chemistry Cause Mortality Environmental engineering Spectrometry X-Ray Emission Particulates PM composition Oil Fly-Ash Soot Europe Particles Health Environmental chemistry UES - Urban Environment & Safety Constituents Exposure assessment Particulate Matter Composition (visual arts) Spatial variability ELSS - Earth Life and Social Sciences Long-Term Exposure Environment & Sustainability Ambient Particulate Matter Cohorts Environmental Monitoring |
Zdroj: | Environment International, Vol 84, Iss, Pp 181-192 (2015) Environment international, 84, 181. Elsevier Limited Environment International, 84, 181-192 |
ISSN: | 0160-4120 |
Popis: | An increasing number of epidemiological studies suggest that adverse health effects of air pollution may be related to particulate matter (PM) composition, particularly trace metals. However, we lack comprehensive data on the spatial distribution of these elements.We measured PM2.5 and PM10 in twenty study areas across Europe in three seasonal two-week periods over a year using Harvard impactors and standardized protocols. In each area, we selected street (ST), urban (UB) and regional background (RB) sites (totaling 20) to characterize local spatial variability. Elemental composition was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of all PM2.5 and PM10 filters. We selected a priori eight (Cu, Fe, K, Ni, S, Si, V, Zn) well-detected elements of health interest, which also roughly represented different sources including traffic, industry, ports, and wood burning.PM elemental composition varied greatly across Europe, indicating different regional influences. Average street to urban background ratios ranged from 0.90 (V) to 1.60 (Cu) for PM2.5 and from 0.93 (V) to 2.28 (Cu) for PM10.Our selected PM elements were variably correlated with the main pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5 absorbance, NO2 and NOx) across Europe: in general, Cu and Fe in all size fractions were highly correlated (Pearson correlations above 0.75); Si and Zn in the coarse fractions were modestly correlated (between 0.5 and 0.75); and the remaining elements in the various size fractions had lower correlations (around 0.5 or below). This variability in correlation demonstrated the distinctly different spatial distributions of most of the elements. Variability of PM10_Cu and Fe was mostly due to within-study area differences (67% and 64% of overall variance, respectively) versus between-study area and exceeded that of most other traffic-related pollutants, including NO2 and soot, signaling the importance of non-tailpipe (e.g., brake wear) emissions in PM. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Chemicals/CAS: copper, 15158-11-9, 7440-50-8; iron, 14093-02-8, 53858-86-9, 7439-89-6; nickel, 7440-02-0; nitrogen oxide, 11104-93-1; potassium, 7440-09-7; silicon, 7440-21-3; sulfur, 13981-57-2, 7704-34-9; vanadium, 7440-62-2; zinc, 7440-66-6, 14378-32-6 |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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