In vitro digestion of citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (CITREM) and CITREM-containing infant formula/emulsions
| Autor: | Francesca Giuffrida, Anaïs Bénarouche, Sylvie Robert, Hélène Gaussier, Frédéric Carrière, Sawsan Amara, Tim J. Wooster, Isabelle Poncin, Sadia Diomande, Amaury Patin, Frédéric Destaillats, Sacha Molinari, Vanessa Point, Cristina Cruz-Hernandez, Sagar K. Thakkar |
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| Rok vydání: | 2014 |
| Předmět: |
Lipolysis
Carboxylesterase Diglycerides Hydrolysis chemistry.chemical_compound Generally recognized as safe Glycerol Humans Gastric lipase Food science Citrates Chemistry Fatty Acids Infant Esters General Medicine Lipase Infant Formula Gastrointestinal Tract Infant formula Emulsifying Agents Monoglycerides Digestion Emulsions Citric acid Food Science |
| Zdroj: | Foodfunction. 5(7) |
| ISSN: | 2042-650X |
| Popis: | CITREM is an emulsifier used in the food industry and contains citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (GCFE). It is generally recognized as safe but no publication on its digestibility under gastrointestinal conditions and impact on fat digestion was available. It was shown here that fatty acids are released from CITREM by gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic-lipase-related protein 2 and carboxyl ester hydrolase. A two-step in vitro digestion model mimicking lipolysis in the stomach and upper small intestine of term and preterm infants was then used to evaluate the digestibility of CITREM alone, CITREM-containing infant formula and fat emulsions, and isolated GCFE fractions. Overall, it was shown that fat digestion is not significantly changed by the presence of CITREM, and fatty acids contained in CITREM compounds are released to a large extent by lipases. Nevertheless, undigestible water-soluble compounds containing glycerol and citric acid units were identified, indicating that the ester bond between citric acid and glycerol is not fully hydrolyzed throughout the proposed digestion. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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