Exposure to carbon monoxide, fine particle mass, and ultrafine particle number in Jakarta, Indonesia: effect of commute mode
| Autor: | Adam F. Both, Dane Westerdahl, R. Budi Haryanto, Scott Fruin, Julian D. Marshall |
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| Rok vydání: | 2012 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Carbon Monoxide Environmental Engineering Particle number Carbon monoxide toxicity Environmental engineering Environmental exposure Environmental Exposure Pollution Toxicology chemistry.chemical_compound chemistry Particle mass Indonesia Ultrafine particle Environmental Chemistry Environmental science Humans Particle Size Child Waste Management and Disposal Carbon monoxide |
| Zdroj: | The Science of the total environment. 443 |
| ISSN: | 1879-1026 |
| Popis: | We measured real-time exposure to PM(2.5), ultrafine PM (particle number) and carbon monoxide (CO) for commuting workers school children, and traffic police, in Jakarta, Indonesia. In total, we measured exposures for 36 individuals covering 93 days. Commuters in private cars experienced mean (st dev) exposures of 22 (9.4) ppm CO, 91 (38) μg/m(3)PM(2.5), and 290 (150)×10(3) particles cm(-3). Mean concentrations were higher in public transport than in private cars for PM(2.5) (difference in means: 22%) and particle counts (54%), but not CO, likely reflecting in-vehicle particle losses in private cars owing to air-conditioning. However, average commute times were longer for private car commuters than public transport commuters (in our sample, 24% longer: 3.0 vs. 2.3 h per day). Commute and traffic-related exposures experienced by Jakarta residents are among the highest in the world, owing to high on-road concentrations and multi-hour commutes. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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