Characterization of the varying flux of atmospheric muons measured with the Large Volume Detector for 24 years

Autor: A. S. Malgin, E. Kemp, P. L. Ghia, P. Galeotti, I. A. Pless, Carlo Vigorito, A. Molinario, W. Fulgione, V. F. Yakushev, Pietro Antonioli, S. Rubinetti, O. G. Ryazhskaya, P. Giusti, E. A. Dobrynina, Antonino Zichichi, M. Selvi, G. Bari, C. Taricco, N. Yu. Agafonova, R. Persiani, Gian Carlo Trinchero, I. R. Shakiryanova, V. V. Ashikhmin, M. Garbini, R. I. Enikeev, Giacomo Bruno, Gabriella Sartorelli, Marco Aglietta
Přispěvatelé: Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LVD, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2019
Předmět:
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors
Flux
FOS: Physical sciences
01 natural sciences
High Energy Physics - Experiment
Nuclear physics
High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
cosmic rays
0103 physical sciences
muon: flux: measured
[PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex]
Experiments in gravity
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det]
010306 general physics
temperature dependence
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Physics
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
Muon
010308 nuclear & particles physics
background
Center (category theory)
temperature
Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
Effective temperature
Gran Sasso
muon: atmosphere
monitoring
modulation
Amplitude
correlation
Content (measure theory)
spectral
High Energy Physics::Experiment
Large Volume Detector
[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
cosmology
Intensity (heat transfer)
Zdroj: Phys.Rev.D
Phys.Rev.D, 2019, 100 (6), pp.062002. ⟨10.1103/PhysRevD.100.062002⟩
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.100.062002⟩
Popis: The Large Volume Detector (LVD), hosted in the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, is triggered by atmospheric muons at a rate of $\sim 0.1$~Hz. The data collected over almost a quarter of century are used to study the muon intensity underground. The 50-million muon series, the longest ever exploited by an underground instrument, allows for the accurate long-term monitoring of the muon intensity underground. This is relevant as a study of the background in the Gran Sasso Laboratory, which hosts a variety of long-duration, low-background detectors. We describe the procedure to select muon-like events as well as the method used to compute the exposure. We report the value of the average muon flux measured from 1994 to 2017: $\mathrm{I_{\mu}^0 = 3.35 \pm 0.0005^{stat}\pm 0.03^{sys} \cdot 10^{-4} ~m^{-2} s^{-1}}$. We show that the intensity is modulated around this average value due to temperature variations in the stratosphere. We quantify such a correlation by using temperature data from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts: we find an effective temperature coefficient $\mathrm{\alpha_{T}} = 0.94\pm0.01^{stat} \pm0.01^{sys}$, in agreement with other measurements at the same depth. We scrutinise the spectral content of the time series of the muon intensity by means of the Lomb-Scargle analysis. This yields the evidence of a 1-year periodicity, as well as the indication of others, both shorter and longer, suggesting that the series is not a pure sinusoidal wave. Consequently, and for the first time, we characterise the observed modulation in terms of amplitude and position of maximum and minimum on a year-by-year basis.
Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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