Early Adaptive Responses of the Vascular Wall during Venous Arterialization in Mice
Autor: | Michael A. Gimbrone, Masaya Takahas, M. Judah Folkman, Stephanie Kwei, George A. Taylor, George Stavrakis, Guillermo García-Cardeña |
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Rok vydání: | 2004 |
Předmět: |
Male
Pathology medicine.medical_specialty Endothelium Apoptosis Vascular permeability Biology Pathology and Forensic Medicine Capillary Permeability Mice medicine.artery In Situ Nick-End Labeling medicine Animals Ultrasonics Common carotid artery Vein Graft Occlusion Vascular Venous Segment Immunohistochemistry medicine.anatomical_structure Models Animal Circulatory system cardiovascular system Endothelium Vascular Jugular Veins Magnetic Resonance Angiography External jugular vein Regular Articles Blood vessel |
Zdroj: | The American Journal of Pathology. 164:81-89 |
ISSN: | 0002-9440 |
Popis: | Venous arterialization occurs when a vein segment is transposed as a bypass graft into the arterial circulation, resulting in a structural and functional reorganization of the vascular wall in response to the new local biomechanical environment. Although the anatomical changes of venous arterialization have been well characterized, the molecular mechanisms of vascular remodeling remain incompletely understood. Here, we present a novel model of venous arterialization in mice wherein the external jugular vein is connected to the common carotid artery. The hemodynamic characteristics of the arterialized vein, as assessed by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, resemble features of the arterial circulation. Temporal analyses of the morphological changes in the venous segment at 1, 3, and 7 days after surgery demonstrate preservation of the endothelium at all time points and formation of multiple smooth muscle layers by day 7. Expression of endothelial E-selectin and VCAM-1 was documented at early time points, concomitant with the presence of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages in the vascular wall. In addition, endothelium-dependent permeability was decreased in the arterialized vein when compared to the contralateral control vein. Thus, this novel mouse model of venous arterialization displays anatomical and cellular features present in other species, and should help to characterize the molecular mechanisms of this adaptive response of the vascular wall to changes in its biomechanical environment. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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