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While interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) have been considered as one type of DNA damage in the past, there is mounting evidence suggesting that these highly cytotoxic lesions are processed differently by the cellular machinery depending upon the ICL structure. In this study, we examined the crosslinking ability of three mitomycins, the structure of the ICLs they produce and the cytotoxicity of the drugs toward three different cell lines. The drugs are: mitomycin C (1), decarbamoylmitomycin C (2), and a mitomycin-conjugate (3) whose mitosane moiety is linked to a N-methylpyrrole carboxamide. We found that, overall, both MC and compound 3 show strong similarities regarding their alkylation of DNA, while DMC alkylating behavior is markedly different. To gain further insight into the mode of action of these drugs, we performed high throughput gene expression and gene ontology analysis to identify gene expression and cellular pathways most impacted by each drug treatment in MCF-7 cell lines. We observed that the novel mitomycin derivative (3) specifically causes changes in the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in cell integrity and tissue structure. Further analysis using bioinformatics (IPA) indicated that the new derivative (3) displays a stronger downregulation of major signaling networks that regulate the cell cycle, DNA damage response and cell proliferation when compared to MC and DMC. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that cytotoxic mechanisms of all three drugs are complex and are not solely related to their crosslinking abilities or the structure of the ICLs they produce. |
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