| Popis: |
Diarrhoea is one of the main causes of death worldwide in children and adult alike. In view of this problem, the World Health Organization has encouraged studies for treatment and prevention of diarrhoea diseases depending on traditional medicinal practices. Anti-diarrhoeal effect of crude aqueous extracts of the stem, leaf and flower of Gymnema sylvestre was assessed in castor oil-induced diarrhoea at doses of 700, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg b.w, using Rattus novergicus. At these doses the extracts inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhoea in dose dependent fashion. There was significant (pGymnema sylvestre may contain varied pharmacologically active ingredients with potent anti-diarrhoeal activity. Key words: Castor oil, Gymnema sylvestre, anti-diarrhoea, Rattus novergicus REFERENCES WHO (2009). The evolution of diarrhoeal and acute respiratory disease control at WGO. WGO, Geneva 1999. http//whqlibdoc.who.nq/WGO-CHI_CAH_99.12pdf WHO (1978). Ama Ata Declaration. Primary Health Care, Health for all series No. 1. WHO (1999). WHO Monographs on selected medicinal plants: Bulbus Allii capae. World Health Organization, Geneva, Pp. 289, ISBN: 92415. WHO (2011). World Health Statistics. World Health Organisation, Geneva. Cynthia, B.P., Lana, V., Kenji, S. (2008). Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries: A meta-analysis review. Bull. World Health Organization, 86(9): 710-717. Sumner, J. (2000). The natural history of medicinal plants. Timber press, p. 16, ISBN: 0-88192-483-0. Fawzi, M. (2013). Traditional medicine in Africa: appraisal of ten potent African medicinal plants. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Article ID617459. DO1.org/101155/2013/617459. Kanetkar, P., Singhal, R and Kamat, m. (2007). “Gymnema sylvestre: a memoir”, Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 41(2): 77-81. Gurav, S., Gulkari, V., Duragkar, N., Patil, A (2007). A systematic review: Pharmacognosy, photochemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications of Gynmema sylvestre R.Br. Phamacognosy Reviews. 1:338-343. Foster, S. (2002). “Gymnema sylvestre” In: Alternative Medicine Reviews Monographs, 205-207. Thorne Research Inc. Khramov, V., Spasv, A.A and Samokhina, M.P. (2008). Chemical composition of dry extracts of Gymnema sylvestre. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 42(1): 30-32. Suisheimer, J.E., Rao, G.S. and Mclhenny, H.M. (1970). Constituents from Gymnema sylvestre leaves: Isolation and preliminary characterization of gymnemic acids. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 59(5): 622-628. Baskaran, K; Ahmath, B.K; Shanmugasundaram K.R and Shanmugasundaram, E.R.B. (1990). Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients, JNournal of Ethnopharmacology, 30(3): 295-305. Awouters, F., A. Megens, M., Verlinden, J., Schuurkes, C., Niemegeers, C.J.E. and Janssen, P.A. (1993). Loperamide: Survey of studies on mechanism of its anti-diarrhoeal activity. Dig. Dis. Sci., 38: 977-995. Awouters, F; Niemegeers, C.J.E; Lenaerts, F.M. and Janssen, P.A. (1978). Delay of castor oil diarrhoea in rats: A new way to evaluate inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Journal of Pharmacol. 30:41-45. Izzo, A.A; Nicoletti, M; Giannattasio, B. and Capasso, F. (1992). Anti-diarrhoeal activity of terminalia sericea Burch ex. DC extract. In: Capasso, F. and N. Mascolo (Eds.), Natural Drugs and the Digestive Tract. EMSI, Rome, Pp. 223-230. Mukherjee, P.K; Das, J., Balasubramanian, R., Saha, K., Pal, M., Sah. B.P. (1995). Anti-diarrhoea evaluation of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome extract. Indian J. Pharmacol., 27: 262-264. Karim, A., Makhfi, H., Ziyyat, A., Legssyer, A., Bnouham, M. (2010). Anti-diarrhoeal activity of crude aqueous extract of Rabra tintoruml. Roots in rodent. J. Smooth Muscle Resource; 46(2): 119-123. Sale, M.L., Njinga, N.S., Musa, A.M., Magaji, M.G., Abdullahi, A. (2009). Phytochemical and anti-diarrhoea studies of the stem bark of Ceiba pentandra (Bombacaceae). Nige. J. Pharm. Sci., 8(1): 143-148. Akuodor, G.C., Idris-Usman, M.T., Ugwu, C., Akpan, J.L., Irogbeyi, L.A., Iwuanyanwu, T.C., Osunkwo, U.A. (2010). Ethanolic leaf extract of verbena hastate produces anti-diarrhoeal and gastro intestinal motility slowing effects in albino rats. J. Med. Plant – Res., 4(16) 1624-1627. Akuodor, G.C., Muazzam, I., Usman-Idris, M., Megwas, U.A., Akpan, J.L., Chilaka, K.C., Okorafor, D.O., Osunkwo, U.A. (2011). Evaluation of the anti-dirrhoeal activity of methanol leaf extract of Bombax buonopozense in rats. Ibnosina J. Med. Biomed. Sci., 3(1): 15-20. Woodson, R.F. (1987). Statistical methods for the Analysis of Biomedical Data, Wiley, Chechester; p. 315-316. Zavala, M.A., Perez, S., Vargal, R. and Perez, R.M. (1998). Anti-diarrhoeal activity of Walteria Americana, Coumelins cuelestries and alternathra repens. J. Ethnopharmacol; 61: 41 Hardman, J.G. and Limbird, L.E. (2001). Drugs affecting gastrointestinal function. In: Goodman, L.S. and Gilman, A. (Eds.), the Phamarcolonical Basis of Therapeutics. 10th Edn., McGraw Hill, New York, Pp. 1023-102 Bakare, R.I., Magbagbebla, O.A., Akinwade, A.I., Okunowo, O.W. and Green, M. (2011). Anti-diarrhoeal activity of aqueous leaf extract of Monordica charantia in rats. J. Pharmacogn. Phytother; 3(1): 1-7. Galvez, J., Zarzuelo, A., Crespo, M.E., Lorente, M.D., Ocente, M.A. and Jimenez, J. (1993). Anti-diarrhoeal activity of Euphorbia hirta isolation of an active flavonoidal constituent. Planta Med., 59: 33-36. Saito, T., Mizutani, F., Iwangga, Y., Morikawa, K., Kato, H. (2002). Laxative and anti-diarrhoeal activity of polycarbophil in mice and rats. Japanese J. Pharmacol; 89: 133-141. Mbagwu, H.D.C., Adeyemi, O.O. (2008). Anti-diarrhoeal activity of the aqueous extract of Mezoneuron Benthamianum Baill (caesalpinaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol; 116: 16-20. Mascolo, N., Izzo, A.A., Barbato, F., Capasso, F. (1993). Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthelase prevent castor oil induced diarrhoea in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 108: 861-64. Watson, W.C., Godon, R. (1962). Studies on the digestion, absorption and metabolisms of castor oil. Biochem. Pharmacol; 11: 229-236. Ammon, P.J., Thomes, P.S. (1974). Effect of oleic and recinoleic acids net jejunal water and electrolyte movement. J. Clin. Investigat; 53: 374-379. Niemegeers, C.I.L., Lenaerts, F.M., Janseen P.A.J. (1974). Loperamide (R-18553): A novel type of anti-diarrhoeal agent. Part 1. In: Vitrodrab pharmacology and acute toxicity comparing with morphine, codeine and difenoxine. Atzneimittelforsch, 24: 1633-1636. Balogun, S.O., Tanayen, J.K., Ajayi, A.M., Ibrahim, A., Ezeonwumelu, J.O.C., Oyewale, A.A., Oloro, O.J; Goji, A.D.T; Kiplagat, D.M. and Adzu, B. (2011). Preliminary evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal, ulcer – protective and acute toxicity of aqueous ethnanolic stem bark extract of ficus trichopoda in experimental rodents. Asian J. Med. Sci., 3(1): 37-42. Theoderan, V., Floramont, J., Hachet, T., Bueno, L. (1991). Absorptive and motor components of anti-diarrhoeal action of Loperamide: An invitro study in pigs. Gut, 32: 1355-1359. Couper, I.M. (1987). Inhibition in intestinal motility and the secretion by flavonoids in mice and in rats: Structural activity relationship. J. Pharmacy and Pharmacol., 45: 1054-1059. Capasso, F., Mascolo, N., Izzo, N., Gaginella, A.A. (1994). Dissociation of castor oil-indcued diarrhoea and intestinal mucosal injury in rat: Effect of NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. Br. J. Pharmacol; 113: 1127-30. Oben, J.E., Assi, S.E., Agbor, G.B., Musoro, D.F. (2006). Effect of Remomastax speciosa on experimental diarrhoea. African J. Trad. Complementary. 3(1): 95-100. |
