Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: a review
| Autor: | Xiang Dong, Dilek Azkur, Can Cao, Wei Fu, Hui Gan, Wei Li, Jin-jin Zhang, Ya-dong Gao, Yuan-Li Sun, Milena Sokolowska, Marie-Charlotte Brüggen, Mübeccel Akdis, Ahmet Kursat Azkur, Mei Ding, Qi Yan, Hong-yu Gao, Willem van de Veen, Cezmi A. Akdis, Hui-ling Liang, Yiyuan Cao |
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| Přispěvatelé: | University of Zurich, Akdis, Cezmi A |
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Male
0301 basic medicine medicine.medical_specialty Critical Illness Immunology 610 Medicine & health Procalcitonin 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine 10183 Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research Risk Factors Diabetes mellitus Internal medicine medicine Humans Immunology and Allergy Eosinopenia Asthma 2403 Immunology Pregnancy SARS-CoV-2 business.industry Acute kidney injury COVID-19 medicine.disease Pulmonary embolism 030104 developmental biology 030228 respiratory system 2723 Immunology and Allergy Disease Progression Female business Cytokine storm Viral load |
| Zdroj: | Allergy |
| Popis: | The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an unprecedented global social and economic impact, and numerous deaths. Many risk factors have been identified in the progression of COVID-19 into a severe and critical stage, including old age, male gender, underlying comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, chronic lung disease, heart, liver and kidney diseases, tumors, clinically apparent immunodeficiencies, local immunodeficiencies, such as early type-I interferon secretion capacity, and pregnancy. Possible complications include acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock, disseminated coagulopathy, acute kidney injury, pulmonary embolism, and secondary bacterial pneumonia. The development of lymphopenia and eosinopenia are laboratory indicators of COVID-19. Laboratory parameters to monitor disease progression include lactate dehydrogenase, procalcitonin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) and ferritin. The development of a cytokine storm and extensive chest computed tomography imaging patterns are indicators of a severe disease. In addition, socioeconomic status, diet, lifestyle, geographical differences, ethnicity, exposed viral load, day of initiation of treatment, and quality of health care have been reported to influence individual outcomes. In this review, we highlight the scientific evidence on the risk factors of COVID-19. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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