Biodiesel production potential from fat fraction of municipal waste in Makkah
| Autor: | Stephan Maier, Omar K. M. Ouda, Iqbal M.I. Ismail, Khurram Shahzad, Abdullah O. Bafail, Muhammad Sagir, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Mohammad Rehan, Mohammad Zain Khan |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Glycerol
Municipal solid waste 020209 energy Materials Science lcsh:Medicine Monomers (Chemistry) 02 engineering and technology Fuels Biochemistry Catalysis Fats Electricity Waste Management 0202 electrical engineering electronic engineering information engineering Humans Bioenergy Polymer chemistry Leachate lcsh:Science Life-cycle assessment Materials by Attribute Organic Reactions Biodiesel Multidisciplinary Catalysts Waste management Physics Organic Chemistry lcsh:R Chemical Reactions Biology and Life Sciences Lipids Refuse Disposal Energy and Power Chemistry Waste Disposal Facilities Food waste Transesterification Biofuel Biofuels Greenhouse gas Physical Sciences Engineering and Technology Environmental science lcsh:Q Oils Research Article Waste disposal |
| Zdroj: | PLoS ONE, Vol 12, Iss 2, p e0171297 (2017) PLoS ONE |
| ISSN: | 1932-6203 |
| Popis: | In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), millions of Muslims come to perform Pilgrimage every year. Around one million ton of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in Makkah city annually. The collected MSW is disposed of in the landfills without any treatment or energy recovery. As a result, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and contamination of the soil and water bodies along with leachate and odors are occurring in waste disposal vicinities. The composition of MSW shows that food waste is the largest waste stream (up to 51%) of the total generated MSW. About 13% of the food waste consists of fat content that is equivalent to about 64 thousand tons per year. This study aims to estimate the production potential of biodiesel first time in Makkah city from fat/oil fractions of MSW and highlight its economic and environmental benefits. It has been estimated that 62.53, 117.15 and 6.38 thousand tons of biodiesel, meat and bone meal (MBM) and glycerol respectively could be produced in 2014. A total electricity potential of 852 Gigawatt hour (GWh) from all three sources based on their energy contents, Higher Heating Value (HHV) of 40.17, 18.33 and 19 MJ/kg, was estimated for 2014 that will increase up to 1777 GWh in 2050. The cumulative net savings from landfill waste diversion (256 to 533 million Saudi Riyal (SAR)), carbon credits (46 to 96 million SAR), fuel savings (146 to 303 million SAR) and electricity generation (273 to 569 million SAR) have a potential to add a total net revenue of 611 to 1274 million SAR every year to the Saudi economy, from 2014 to 2050 respectively. However, further studies including real-time data about annual slaughtering activities and the amount of waste generation and its management are critical to decide optimum waste management practices based on life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methodologies. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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