Fate of sulfur mustard on soil: Evaporation, degradation, and vapor emission
| Autor: | Jin Young Lee, Dong-Ha Kah, Kyoung Chan Lim, Hyunsook Jung |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Sulfonium Compounds 0211 other engineering and technologies Analytical chemistry Wind 02 engineering and technology Sulfides 010501 environmental sciences Thiodiglycol Toxicology Mass spectrometry Risk Assessment 01 natural sciences Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Ion Soil chemistry.chemical_compound Hydrolysis Mustard Gas Soil Pollutants Chemical Warfare Agents Sulfhydryl Compounds Desiccation Decontamination 0105 earth and related environmental sciences 021110 strategic defence & security studies Drop (liquid) Temperature Sulfur mustard General Medicine Human decontamination Carbon-13 NMR Pollution chemistry Environmental chemistry Volatilization |
| Zdroj: | Environmental Pollution. 220:478-486 |
| ISSN: | 0269-7491 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.090 |
| Popis: | After application of sulfur mustard to the soil surface, its possible fate via evaporation, degradation following absorption, and vapor emission after decontamination was studied. We used a laboratory-sized wind tunnel, thermal desorber, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) for systematic analysis. When a drop of neat HD was deposited on the soil surface, it evaporated slowly while being absorbed immediately into the matrix. The initial evaporation or drying rates of the HD drop were found to be power-dependent on temperature and initial drop volume. Moreover, drops of neat HD, ranging in size from 1 to 6 μL, applied to soil, evaporated at different rates, with the smaller drops evaporating relatively quicker. HD absorbed into soil remained for a month, degrading eventually to nontoxic thiodiglycol via hydrolysis through the formation of sulfonium ions. Finally, a vapor emission test was performed for HD contaminant after a decontamination process, the results of which suggest potential risk from the release of trace chemical quantities of HD into the environment. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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