Risk Factors for Scrub Typhus, Murine Typhus, and Spotted Fever Seropositivity in Urban Areas, Rural Plains, and Peri-Forest Hill Villages in South India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Autor: Arumugam Anitha, John A. J. Prakash, Koya Ariyoshi, Saravanan Kalaimani, Carol S. Devamani, Wolf-Peter Schmidt
Rok vydání: 2020
Předmět:
Male
Rural Population
Veterinary medicine
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Urban Population
animal diseases
Scrub typhus
0302 clinical medicine
Risk Factors
Seroepidemiologic Studies
Surveys and Questionnaires
Rickettsia
Rickettsia typhi
Child
biology
Age Factors
Typhus
Endemic Flea-Borne
Articles
Middle Aged
Orientia
Infectious Diseases
Geography
Child
Preschool
Female
Adult
animal structures
Adolescent
030231 tropical medicine
India
chemical and pharmacologic phenomena
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Murine typhus
03 medical and health sciences
Young Adult
Sex Factors
Virology
medicine
Humans
Infant
Newborn
Infant
Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis
biology.organism_classification
medicine.disease
bacterial infections and mycoses
Spotted fever
Cross-Sectional Studies
Scrub Typhus
bacteria
Parasitology
Typhus
Zdroj: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
ISSN: 1476-1645
0002-9637
Popis: Scrub typhus and spotted fever group rickettsioses are thought to be common causes of febrile illness in India, whereas they rarely test for murine typhus. This cross-sectional study explored the risk factors associated with scrub typhus, tick-borne spotted fever, and murine typhus seropositivity in three different geographical settings, urban, rural, and hill villages in Tamil Nadu, South India. We enrolled 1,353 participants living in 48 clusters. The study included a questionnaire survey and blood sampling. Blood was tested for Orientia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus), Rickettsia typhi (murine typhus), and spotted fever group Rickettsia IgG using ELISA. The seroprevalence of scrub typhus, spotted fever, and murine typhus were 20.4%, 10.4%, and 5.4%, respectively. Scrub typhus had the highest prevalence in rural areas (28.1%), and spotted fever was most common in peri-forested areas (14.9%). Murine typhus was more common in rural (8.7%) than urban areas (5.4%) and absent in peri-forested hill areas. Agricultural workers had a higher relative risk for scrub typhus, especially in urban areas. For murine typhus, proximity to a waterbody and owning a dog were found to be major risk factors. The main risk factors for spotted fever were agricultural work and living in proximity to a forest. Urban, rural plains, and hill settings display distinct epidemiological pattern of Orientia and rickettsial infections. Although scrub typhus and spotted fever were associated with known risk factors in this study, the findings suggest a different ecology of murine typhus transmission compared with other studies conducted in Asia.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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