Identification, contribution, and estrogenic activity of potential EDCs in a river receiving concentrated livestock effluent in Southern Taiwan
| Autor: | Meng-Chun Wu, Yi-Siou Lin, Ting-Chien Chen, Chang-Ling Miaw, Chia-Hung Yen, Chi-Ying Hsieh, Yung-Yu Liu |
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| Rok vydání: | 2018 |
| Předmět: |
Environmental Engineering
Livestock Taiwan Estrone 010501 environmental sciences Endocrine Disruptors Wastewater 01 natural sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Rivers medicine Environmental Chemistry Potency Bioassay Animals Animal Husbandry Chloroxylenol Waste Management and Disposal Effluent 0105 earth and related environmental sciences 010401 analytical chemistry Estrogens Pollution 0104 chemical sciences Paraben Nonylphenol Triclosan chemistry Environmental chemistry hormones hormone substitutes and hormone antagonists Water Pollutants Chemical medicine.drug Environmental Monitoring |
| Zdroj: | The Science of the total environment. 636 |
| ISSN: | 1879-1026 |
| Popis: | We assessed 22 selected endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) and other emerging, potentially endocrine-active compounds with estrogenic activity from the waters of the Wuluo River, southern Taiwan. This watershed receives high amounts of livestock and untreated household wastewaters. The river is surrounded by concentrated animal feedlot operations (CAFOs). River water samples were analyzed for selected compounds by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), T47D-KBluc reporter gene assay, and E-screen cell proliferation in vitro bioassay. Total concentrations of ∑alkylphenolic compounds (bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, t-nonylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol mono-ethoxylate, nonylphenol di-ethoxylate) were much higher than ∑estrogens (estrone, 17 β-estradiol, estriol, 17s-ethynylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol), ∑preservatives (methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, butyl paraben), ∑UV-filters (benzophenone, methyl benzylidene camphor, benzophenone-3), ∑antimicrobials (triclocarben, triclosan, chloroxylenol), and an insect repellent (diethyltoluamide) over four seasonal sampling periods. The highest concentration was found for bisphenol A with a mean of 302 ng/L. However, its contribution to estrogenic activity was not significant due to its relatively low estrogenic potency. Lower detection rates were found for BP, EE2, TCS, and PCMX, while DES and EP were not detected. E1 and E2 levels in raw water samples were 50% higher than the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC) for aquatic organisms of 6 and 2 ng/L, respectively. The potency of estrogenic activity ranged from 11.7 to 190.1 ng/L E2T47D-Kbluc and 6.63 to 84.5 ng/L E2E-Screen for extracted samples. Importantly, estrone contributed 50% of the overall activity in 60% and 44% of the samples based on T47D-KBluc and MCF-7 bioassays, followed by 17 s-estradiol, highlighting the importance of total steroid estrogen loading. This study demonstrates that the estrogenic activity of target chemicals was comparable to levels found in different countries worldwide. More intense wastewater treatment is required in areas of intensive agriculture in order to prevent adverse impacts on the ambient environment and aquatic ecosystems. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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