Biodiversity of mycobiota throughout the Brazil nut supply chain: From rainforest to consumer
| Autor: | Aline de Souza Lopes, Beatriz T. Iamanaka, Marta Hiromi Taniwaki, Jens Christian Frisvad, Larissa de Souza Ferranti, Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen, Maria Helena Pelegrinelli Fungaro |
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| Rok vydání: | 2015 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
Ochratoxin A Veterinary medicine Mycobiota Aflatoxin Rainforest 030106 microbiology Tenuazonic Acid Biology Microbiology Food Supply 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound food Aflatoxins Botany Tenuazonic acid Nuts Mycotoxin Amazon rainforest Fungi Penicillium Biodiversity food.food 030104 developmental biology Aspergillus chemistry Consumer Product Safety Food Microbiology Brazil Food Science Brazil nut Aspergillus flavus Mycobiome |
| Zdroj: | Food microbiology. 61 |
| ISSN: | 1095-9998 |
| Popis: | A total of 172 Brazil nut samples (114 in shell and 58 shelled) from the Amazon rainforest region and Sao Paulo state, Brazil was collected at different stages of the Brazil nut production chain: rainforest, street markets, processing plants and supermarkets. The mycobiota of the Brazil nut samples were evaluated and also compared in relation to water activity. A huge diversity of Aspergillus and Penicillium species were found, besides Eurotium spp., Zygomycetes and dematiaceous fungi. A polyphasic approach using morphological and physiological characteristics, as well as molecular and extrolite profiles, were studied to distinguish species among the more important toxigenic ones in Aspergillus section Flavi and A. section Nigri. Several metabolites and toxins were found in these two sections. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was found in 3% of A. niger and 100% of A. carbonarius. Production of aflatoxins B and G were found in all isolates of A. arachidicola, A. bombycis, A. nomius, A. pseudocaelatus and A. pseudonomius, while aflatoxin B was found in 38% of A. flavus and all isolates of A. pseudotamarii. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was found in A. bertholletius (94%), A. tamarii (100%), A. caelatus (54%) and A. flavus (41%). Tenuazonic acid, a toxin commonly found in Alternaria species was produced by A. bertholletius (47%), A. caelatus (77%), A. nomius (55%), A. pseudonomius (75%), A. arachidicola (50%) and A. bombycis (100%). This work shows the changes of Brazil nut mycobiota and the potential of mycotoxin production from rainforest to consumer, considering the different environments which exist until the nuts are consumed. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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