Multiple Mycotoxins in Kenyan Rice
| Autor: | Fredrick Nganga, Rosemary Murori, Joyce Musyoka, James K Gitau, George N. Chemining’wa, Samuel Mutiga, Vincent Koskei, J. Musembi Mutuku |
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| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Crops
Agricultural sub-Saharan Africa Ochratoxin A Spectrometry Mass Electrospray Ionization Aflatoxin Food Handling Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis lcsh:Medicine Biology Toxicology Risk Assessment Article Diacetoxyscirpenol multiple mycotoxins 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Tandem Mass Spectrometry Fumonisin Animals Humans Cultivar Mycotoxin Chromatography High Pressure Liquid 030304 developmental biology co-contamination 0303 health sciences rice lcsh:R Fungi Oryza 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences Mycotoxins Animal Feed Kenya Citrinin food safety Cross-Sectional Studies chemistry Food Microbiology 040103 agronomy & agriculture 0401 agriculture forestry and fisheries Sterigmatocystin |
| Zdroj: | Toxins, Vol 13, Iss 203, p 203 (2021) Toxins Volume 13 Issue 3 |
| ISSN: | 2072-6651 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/toxins13030203 |
| Popis: | Multiple mycotoxins were tested in milled rice samples (n = 200) from traders at different milling points within the Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya. Traders provided the names of the cultivar, village where paddy was cultivated, sampling locality, miller, and month of paddy harvest between 2018 and 2019. Aflatoxin, citrinin, fumonisin, ochratoxin A, diacetoxyscirpenol, T2, HT2, and sterigmatocystin were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Deoxynivalenol was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mycotoxins occurred in ranges and frequencies in the following order: sterigmatocystin (0–7 ppb 74.5%), aflatoxin (0–993 ppb 55.5%), citrinin (0–9 ppb 55.5%), ochratoxin A (0–110 ppb 30%), fumonisin (0–76 ppb 26%), diacetoxyscirpenol (0–24 ppb 20.5%), and combined HT2 + T2 (0–62 ppb 14.5%), and deoxynivalenol was detected in only one sample at 510 ppb. Overall, low amounts of toxins were observed in rice with a low frequency of samples above the regulatory limits for aflatoxin, 13.5% ochratoxin A, 6% and HT2 + T2, 0.5%. The maximum co-contamination was for 3.5% samples with six toxins in different combinations. The rice cultivar, paddy environment, time of harvest, and millers influenced the occurrence of different mycotoxins. There is a need to establish integrated approaches for the mitigation of mycotoxin accumulation in the Kenyan rice. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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