An evaluation of methods to assess the effect of antimicrobial residues on the human gut flora
| Autor: | Denis E. Corpet |
|---|---|
| Přispěvatelé: | Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA (FRANCE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - ENVT (FRANCE), ProdInra, Migration, Xénobiotiques, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) |
| Rok vydání: | 1993 |
| Předmět: |
Antimicrobial drug resistance
Flora Antibiotic resistance [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] Oxytetracycline Drug resistance Toxicology Mice Methods ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS Microbiote Human flora associated mice 0303 health sciences biology Statistics Drug Resistance Microbial General Medicine Antimicrobial Microbiologie et Parasitologie Anti-Bacterial Agents 3. Good health Intestines [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] Foods Veterinary Research Design Human gut flora medicine.drug Enterobacteria Germfree mice Assessment R plamid Microbiology 03 medical and health sciences Dogs In vivo medicine Animals Humans Intestinal microflora Animal model Intestinal ecosystem Feces 030304 developmental biology Bacteria General Veterinary 030306 microbiology E. coli Minimum inhibitory concentrations biology.organism_classification Human trials Drug Residues Antimicrobial residues Rats Barrier effect RESISTANCE Biomarkers Bacterial contamination |
| Zdroj: | Veterinary Microbiology Veterinary Microbiology, Elsevier, 1993, 35, pp.199-212 |
| ISSN: | 0378-1135 |
| Popis: | 1. Barrier effect. Relevant models should include an anaerobic dominant flora that antagonizes minor bacterial populations such as drug resistant E. coli. 2. Anaerobes vs. aerobes. Aerobe counts are more precise and much less time consuming than anaerobe counts. Minor populations of drug resistant aerobes are sensitive markers of the ecosystem balance, and are directly relevant to the potential risk of antimicrobial residues. 3. MIC vs. plate counts. The determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations ( MIC ) of selected clones is time consuming, does not detect subdominant resistance (less than 1 %), and the MIC shift is difficult to test statistically. In contrast, direct counts of bacteria on drug supplemented media allows a rapid measure of minor resistant populations. 4. Statistics: Most published designs do not include adequate statistical evaluation. This is critical for trials made in conventional humans and animals, where data are highly variable. 5. Human trials: The lowest concentration of antibiotic tested in human volunteers (2mg oxytetracycline /d for 7d in 6 subjects) significantly increased the proportion of resistant fecal enterobacteria (P=0.05). However, the huge day-to-day and inter-individual variations of human floras make this evidence rather weak. 6. Gnotobiotic mice inoculated with human flora are living isolated models in which the effect of any antimicrobial on the human gut flora can be tested. This in vivo model does include the barrier effect of dominant anaerobes. Inter-individual and day-to-day variations of bacterial populations are lower in those mice than in humans. 7. Most resistant enterobacteria in the human gut of untreated people come from bacterial contamination of raw foods. The relative contribution of residues in selecting antibiotic resistance seems to be low when compared to bacterial contamination. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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