Characterization of the amplificatory effect of norepinephrine in the acquisition of Pavlovian threat associations
| Autor: | Clark H. Roberts, Joseph E. LeDoux, Robert M. Sears, Walter T. Piper, Hillary C. Schiff, Lorenzo Diaz-Mataix, Vincent D. Campese |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
Male Memory Long-Term Time Factors Cognitive Neuroscience Adrenergic beta-Antagonists Conditioning Classical Context (language use) Amygdala Extinction Psychological Norepinephrine (medication) Rats Sprague-Dawley 03 medical and health sciences Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Norepinephrine 0302 clinical medicine medicine Animals Association (psychology) Freezing Reaction Cataleptic Analysis of Variance Electroshock Research Classical conditioning Fear Propranolol Rats 030104 developmental biology Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology medicine.anatomical_structure Conditioning Anxiety Analysis of variance medicine.symptom Psychology Neuroscience 030217 neurology & neurosurgery medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | Learningmemory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). 24(9) |
| ISSN: | 1549-5485 |
| Popis: | The creation of auditory threat Pavlovian memory requires an initial learning stage in which a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS), such as a tone, is paired with an aversive one (US), such as a shock. In this phase, the CS acquires the capacity of predicting the occurrence of the US and therefore elicits conditioned defense responses. Norepinephrine (NE), through β-adrenergic receptors in the amygdala, enhances threat memory by facilitating the acquisition of the CS–US association, but the nature of this effect has not been described. Here we show that NE release, induced by the footshock of the first conditioning trial, promotes the subsequent enhancement of learning. Consequently, blocking NE transmission disrupts multitrial but not one-trial conditioning. We further found that increasing the time between the conditioning trials eliminates the amplificatory effect of NE. Similarly, an unsignaled footshock delivered in a separate context immediately before conditioning can enhance learning. These results help define the conditions under which NE should and should not be expected to alter threat processing and fill an important gap in the understanding of the neural processes relevant to the pathophysiology of stress and anxiety disorders. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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