The extraordinary outburst in the massive protostellar system NGC 6334 I-MM1 : strong increase in mid-infrared continuum emission
| Autor: | A. P. M. Towner, Claudia Cyganowski, B. Stecklum, J. M. De Buizer, Brett A. McGuire, C. D. Dowell, Crystal L. Brogan, Samer El-Abd, G. C. MacLeod, Todd R. Hunter |
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| Přispěvatelé: | University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Accretion
Far infrared astronomy Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Continuum (design consultancy) Mid infrared FOS: Physical sciences Milimeter astronomy Astrophysics Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics Interstellar masers Submilimeter astronomy Stellar jets Infrared astronomy Protostar Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics QB Astronomy Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) QC QB Physics Dust continuum emission Star formation Astronomy and Astrophysics 3rd-DAS Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies Accretion (astrophysics) Protostars Radio continuum emission QC Physics Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Space and Planetary Science Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA) Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Radio interferometry |
| Popis: | In recent years, dramatic outbursts have been identified toward massive protostars via infrared and millimeter dust continuum and molecular maser emission. The longest lived outburst ($>6$ yr) persists in NGC6334I-MM1, a deeply-embedded object with no near-IR counterpart. Using FORCAST and HAWC+ on SOFIA, we have obtained the first mid-infrared images of this field since the outburst began. Despite being undetected in pre-outburst ground-based 18 $��$m images, MM1 is now the brightest region at all three wavelengths (25, 37, and 53 $��$m), exceeding the ultracompact HII region MM3 (NGC6334F). Combining the SOFIA data with ALMA imaging at four wavelengths, we construct a spectral energy distribution of the combination of MM1 and the nearby hot core MM2. The best-fit Robitaille radiative transfer model yields a luminosity of $(4.9\pm0.8)\times10^4 L_\odot$. Accounting for an estimated pre-outburst luminosity ratio MM1:MM2 = $2.1\pm0.4$, the luminosity of MM1 has increased by a factor of $16.3\pm4.4$. The pre-outburst luminosity implies a protostar of mass 6.7 $M_\odot$, which can produce the ionizing photon rate required to power the pre-outburst hypercompact HII region surrounding the likely outbursting protostar MM1B. The total energy and duration of the outburst exceed the S255IR-NIRS3 outburst by a factor of $\gtrsim3$, suggesting a different scale of event involving expansion of the protostellar photosphere (to $\gtrsim$ 20 $R_\odot$), thereby supporting a higher accretion rate ($\gtrsim$0.0023 $M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$) and reducing the ionizing photon rate. In the grid of hydrodynamic models of Meyer et al. 2021, the combination of outburst luminosity and magnitude (3) places the NGC6334I-MM1 event in the region of moderate total accretion ($\sim$0.1-0.3 $M_\odot$) and hence long duration ($\sim$40-130 yr). 11 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables; accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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