Chemical and Hydro-Geologic Analysis of Ikogosi Warm Spring Water in Nigeria
Autor: | Akinola Ikudayisi, Folasade Adeyemo, Adeyemo, Josiah |
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Jazyk: | angličtina |
Rok vydání: | 2015 |
Předmět: | |
DOI: | 10.5281/zenodo.1109589 |
Popis: | This study focuses on the hydro-geology and chemical constituents analysis of Ikogosi Warm Spring waters in South West Nigeria. Ikogosi warm spring is a global tourist attraction because it has both warm and cold spring sources. Water samples from the cold spring, warm spring and the meeting point were collected, analyzed and the result shows close similarity in temperature, hydrogen iron concentration (pH), alkalinity, hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Iron, total dissolved solid and heavy metals. The measured parameters in the water samples are within World Health Organisation standards for fresh water. The study of the geology of the warm spring reveals that the study area is underlain by a group of slightly migmatised to non-migmatised paraschists and meta-igneous rocks. Also, concentration levels of selected heavy metals, (Copper, Cadmium, Zinc, Arsenic and Cromium) were determined in the water (ppm) samples. Chromium had the highest concentration value of 1.52ppm (an average of 49.67%) and Cadmium had the lowest concentration with value of 0.15ppm (an average of 4.89%). Comparison of these results showed that, their mean levels are within the standard values obtained in Nigeria. It can be concluded that both warm and spring water are safe for drinking. {"references":["C. Güler, \"Evaluation of maximum contaminant levels in Turkish\nbottled drinking waters utilizing parameters reported on manufacturer's\nlabeling and government-issued production licenses,\" Journal of Food\nComposition and Analysis, vol. 20, pp. 262-272, 5// 2007.","A. Singh, \"Simulation–optimization modeling for conjunctive water use\nmanagement,\" Agricultural Water Management, vol. 141, pp. 23-29,\n7/31/ 2014.","S. Rapant and K. Krcmova, \"Health risk assessment maps for arsenic\ngroundwater content, application of national geochemical databases,\"\nEnvironmental Geochemical Health vol. 29, pp. 131-141, 2007.","A. Rogers, A. Imevbore, and O. Adegoke, \"Physical and Chemical\nproperties of the Ikogosi warm spring, Western Nigeria \" Journal of\nMining Geology, vol. 4, pp. 69-81, 1969.","P. Ashton and A. Seetal, \"Challenges of water resource management in\nAfrica,\" Rebirth of science in Africa. Umdaus press, Hatfield, South\nAfrica, pp. 133-148, 2002.","N. Nkano and O. Asubiojo, \"Elemental composition of drinking water\nsuppliers in three states in south- eastern Nigeria,\" Journal of\nRadioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry vol. 227, pp. 117- 119, 1998.","J. Kabayashi and R. Kizu, \"Evaluation of metal contents in River Water\nusing a simple Fractionation Method,\" Journal of Health Sciences, vol.\n47, pp. 460-463, 2001.","E. Mantie and D. Coonrod, \"Heavy metal content in the stream\nsediment, adjacent to a sanitary land,\" Environmental Geological Water\nScience, vol. 13, pp. 51-58, 1989.","A. Oladipo, E. Oluyemi, I. Tubosun, M. Fasisi, and F. Ibitoye,\n\"Chemical examination ofIkogosi warm spring in South-Western\nNigeria,\" Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 75-79, 2005.\n[10] O. Adegbuyi, O. Ajayi, and I. Odeyemi, \"Prospects of hot-dry-rock\n(HDR) geothermal energy spectrophotoresource around the Ikogosi\nwarm spring in Ekiti state, Nigeria \" Journal of Renewable Energy, vol.\n4, pp. 58-64, 1996.\n[11] O. Ajayi, O. Adegbuyi, I. Farai, and T. Ajayi, \"Determination of natural\nradionuclides in rocks of the Ikogosi Ekiti warm spring area, Ondo State,\nNigeria,\" Nigerian Journal of Science, vol. 30, pp. 15-21, 1996.\n[12] A. De Swardt, \"The geology of the country around Ilesha,\" Geological\nSurvey Nigeria. Bulletin vol. 28, p. 54, 1953.\n[13] R. Caby and J. Boesse, \"Pan-African Nappe system in south west\nNigeria; the Ife-Ilesha schist belt,\" Journal of African Earth Sciences\nvol. 33, pp. 211-225, 2001.\n[14] J. Ojo, M. Olorunfemi, and D. Falebita, \"An appraisal of the geologic\nstructure beneath the Ikogosi warm spring in South – Western Nigeria\nusing integrated surface geophysical methods,\" Earth Science Research\nJournal, vol. 3, pp. 213 – 216, 2001.\n[15] F. Abulude, G. Obidiran, and S. Orungbemi, \"Determination of physicochemical\nparameter and trace metal contents of drinking water samples\nin Akure, Nigeria,\" Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agriculture\nand Food Chemistry vol. 6, pp. 2297-2303, 2007. [16] K. Moodley, H. Baijnath, F. Southway-Ajulu, S. Mahraj, and S. Chetty,\n\"Determination of Cr, Pb and Ni in water, sludge and plants from setting\nand sewage treatment works,\" Water South Africa, vol. 33, pp. 723-728,\n2007.\n[17] J. Miettinem, Inorganic Trace Elements in Water Pollutants. London:\nAcademic Press Inc, 1977.\n[18] N. I. Standard, \"Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality,\" vol.\nNIS 554, ed. Nigeria: Standards Organisation Of Nigeria, 2007, pp. 15-\n22."]} |
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