A Finite Element Investigation into the Effect of Slope of Grain on Wood Baseball Bat Durability
| Autor: | Eric Ruggiero, David Kretschmann, James A. Sherwood, Joshua Fortin-Smith, Patrick Drane, Blake Campshure |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Yellow birch
Empirical data baseball sports bat 02 engineering and technology engineering.material Baseball bat lcsh:Technology lcsh:Chemistry Breakage sports.equipment 0202 electrical engineering electronic engineering information engineering General Materials Science Geotechnical engineering Ball impact lcsh:QH301-705.5 Instrumentation slope of grain Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes Maple biology lcsh:T Process Chemistry and Technology General Engineering 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology biology.organism_classification Durability lcsh:QC1-999 Finite element method Computer Science Applications lcsh:Biology (General) lcsh:QD1-999 finite element lcsh:TA1-2040 impact engineering durability Environmental science 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) 0210 nano-technology lcsh:Physics wood |
| Zdroj: | Applied Sciences, Vol 9, Iss 18, p 3733 (2019) Applied Sciences Volume 9 Issue 18 |
| ISSN: | 2076-3417 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/app9183733 |
| Popis: | Bat durability is defined as the relative bat/ball speed that results in bat breakage, i.e., the higher the speed required to initiate bat cracking, the better the durability. In 2008, Major League Baseball added a regulation to the Wooden Baseball Bat Standards concerning Slope-of-Grain (SoG), defined to be the angle of the grain of the wood in the bat with respect to a line parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bat, as part of an overall strategy to reverse what was perceived to be an increasing rate of wood bats breaking into multiple pieces during games. The combination of a set of regulations concerning wood density, prescribed hitting surface, and SoG led to a 30% reduction in the rate of multi-piece failures. In an effort to develop a fundamental understanding of how changes in the SoG impact the resulting bat durability, a popular professional bat profile was examined using the finite element method in a parametric study to quantify the relationship between SoG and bat durability. The parametric study was completed for a span of combinations of wood SoGs, wood species (ash, maple, and yellow birch), inside-pitch and outside-pitch impact locations, and bat/ball impact speeds ranging from 90 to 180 mph (145 to 290 kph). The *MAT_WOOD (MAT_143) material model in LS-DYNA was used for implementing the wood material behavior in the finite element models. A strain-to-failure criterion was also used in the *MAT_ADD_EROSION option to capture the initiation point and subsequent crack propagation as the wood breaks. Differences among the durability responses of the three wood species are presented and discussed. Maple is concluded to be the most likely of the three wood species to result in a Multi-Piece Failure. The finite element models show that while a 0° SoG bat is not necessarily the most durable configuration, it is the most versatile with respect to bat durability. This study is the first comprehensive numerical investigation as to the relationship between SoG and bat durability. Before this numerical study, only limited empirical data from bats broken during games were available to imply a qualitative relationship between SoG and bat durability. This novel study can serve as the basis for developing future parametric studies using finite element modeling to explore a large set of bat profiles and thereby to develop a deeper fundamental understanding of the relationship among bat profile, wood species, wood SoG, wood density, and on-field durability. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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