Environmental Impact and Levelised Cost of Energy Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Selected Asia Pacific Region: A Cradle-to-Grave Approach
| Autor: | Azah Ahmad, Nurfarhana Alyssa Ahmad Affandi, Kathleen L. Purvis-Roberts, Kamaruzzaman Sopian, Sufian Jusoh, Norasikin Ahmad Ludin, Mohd Adib Ibrahim |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Payback period
020209 energy Geography Planning and Development TJ807-830 02 engineering and technology 010501 environmental sciences Management Monitoring Policy and Law TD194-195 01 natural sciences Renewable energy sources greenhouse gas emission return of investment levelised cost of energy 0202 electrical engineering electronic engineering information engineering Environmental impact assessment GE1-350 Cost of electricity by source energy payback time Life-cycle assessment 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Environmental effects of industries and plants Renewable Energy Sustainability and the Environment business.industry Photovoltaic system Energy mix Environmental economics Renewable energy Environmental sciences Sustainability Environmental science solar photovoltaic business |
| Zdroj: | Sustainability, Vol 13, Iss 396, p 396 (2021) Sustainability Volume 13 Issue 1 |
| ISSN: | 2071-1050 |
| Popis: | Sustainability has been greatly impacted by the reality of budgets and available resources as a targeted range of carbon emission reduction greatly increases due to climate change. This study analyses the technical and economic feasibility for three types of solar photovoltaic (PV) renewable energy (RE) systems (i) solar stand-alone, a non-grid-connected building rooftop-mounted structure, (ii) solar rooftop, a grid-connected building rooftop-mounted structure, (iii) solar farm, a grid-connected land-mounted structure in three tropical climate regions. Technical scientific and economic tools, including life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost assessment (LCCA) with an integrated framework from a Malaysian case study were applied to similar climatic regions, Thailand, and Indonesia. The short-term, future scaled-up scenario was defined using a proxy technology and estimated data. Environmental locations for this scenario were identified, the environmental impacts were compared, and the techno-economic output were analysed. The scope of this study is cradle-to-grave. Levelised cost of energy (LCOE) was greatly affected due to PV performance degradation rate, especially the critical shading issues for large-scale installations. Despite the land use impact, increased CO2 emissions accumulate over time with regard to energy mix of the country, which requires the need for long-term procurement of both carbon and investment return. With regards to profitably, grid-connected roof-mounted systems achieve the lowest LCOE as compared to other types of installation, ranging from 0.0491 USD/kWh to 0.0605 USD/kWh under a 6% discounted rate. A simple payback (SPB) time between 7&ndash 10 years on average depends on annual power generated by the system with estimated energy payback of 0.40&ndash 0.55 years for common polycrystalline photovoltaic technology. Thus, maintaining the whole system by ensuring a low degradation rate of 0.2% over a long period of time is essential to generate benefits for both investors and the environment. Emerging technologies are progressing at an exponential rate in order to fill the gap of establishing renewable energy as an attractive business plan. Life cycle assessment is considered an excellent tool to assess the environmental impact of renewable energy. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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