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U borbi protiv klimatskih promena, posledice osećaju, ali i odgovor-nost snose, svi, kako pravna, tako i fizička lica. Imajući u vidu sve veći negativni uticaj klimatskih promena na životnu sredinu, raste pritisak na energetski sektor, kao najodgovorniji za emisije štetnih gasova, dok su, sa druge strane, domaćinstva i pojedinci sve više zaintereso-vani da doprinesu smanjenju uticaja koji imaju na životnu sredinu i klimatske promene. U procesu energetske tranzicije, paradigma cen-tralizovanog energetskog sektora je iz osnova promenjena. Izazovi decentralizacije i neophodnih promena na svim nivoima delovanja u sektoru energetike stavljeni su pred društvo i građane, a sve u cilju zaštite životne sredine. Kroz koncepte o energetskoj demokratiji i građanstvu, razvijeni su i instituti kupca-proizvođača i energetske zajednice. Dok se u državama širom Evrope, ovi instituti primenjuju već više od 20 godina, u Srbiji se tek zakonodavnim novinama u obla-sti energetike iz 2021. godine omogućava građanima da na svoje krovove postave solarne panele i da višak proizvedene električne energije isporuče u sistem. U teoriji to znači da građani pojedinačno, ili udruženi, proizvode električnu energiju i time direktno doprinose i energetskoj tranziciji i smanjenju svojih računa. U praksi, konkretan doprinos građana zavisi od regulatorne postavke koja može doneti brojne izazove. Cilj ovog istraživanja je da predstavi kako su ovi insti-tuti definisani u direktivama Evropske unije, dâ kritički osvrt na njiho-vu dosadašnju primenu u Srbiji, kao i da predstavi izazove i diskutuje mogućnosti za njihovo unapređenje. Korišćeni metodi u radu su pre-gled literature, uporedna analiza instituta, kao i neformalni nestruk-tuirani intervjui sa ekspertima. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da, ia-ko novi, ovi instituti bude veliko interesovanje stručne javnosti i građana, dok njihova primena u praksi razotkriva manjkavosti prav-nog sistema i nedovoljnog razumevanja i učešća građana u sektoru energetike, što utiče na tok i brzinu energetske tranzicije u Srbiji. In the fight against climate change, everyone, both natural and legal persons, feels the consequences and bears the responsibility. Having in mind the increasing impact of climate change on the environment, the pressure is growing on the energy sector, as the most responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, while, on the other hand, house-holds and individuals are wondering how they can contribute and reduce the impacts they have on the environment in their daily life. The energy transition fundamentally changes the paradigm of the centralized energy sector and introduces the challenge of decentralization and required changes at different levels, with the final aim of pro-tecting the environment. Through the concepts of energy democracy and citizenship, the institutes of prosumer and energy community have also evolved. While in coun-tries across Europe, these institutes have been applied for more than 20 years, in Ser-bia, only the latest amendments to the law in the field of energy in 2021 enabled citi-zens to install solar panels on their roofs and deliver surpluses to the grid. In theory, this means that citizens, individually or jointly, produce electricity and thereby directly contribute to the energy transition and reduce their electricity bills. In practice, the actual contribution of citizens depends on the regulatory setting, which can cause numerous challenges. This research aims to present how these institutes are defined in the European Union legislation, provide a critical review of their current implemen-tation in Serbia, and present challenges and discuss opportunities for their improve-ment. The methods used in this paper are literature review, comparative analysis of institutes and informal, unstructured interviews with experts. The research results show that, although new, these institutes greatly interest the professional public and citizens. At the same time, their application in practice reveals the legal system’s short-comings and poor understanding and participation of citizens in the energy sector, which affects the course and speed of the energy transition in Serbia. |
