Estrogen receptor dependent gene expression by osteoblasts – Direct, indirect, circumspect, and speculative effects
| Autor: | Michael Centrella, Thomas L. McCarthy |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2012 |
| Předmět: |
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
medicine.medical_specialty Cellular differentiation medicine.medical_treatment Clinical Biochemistry Gene Expression Estrogen receptor Biology Ligands Biochemistry Bone remodeling Endocrinology Somatomedins Transforming Growth Factor beta Internal medicine medicine Animals Humans Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs Receptor Wnt Signaling Pathway Molecular Biology Transcription factor Pharmacology Bone growth Osteoblasts Estradiol Growth factor Organic Chemistry Cell Differentiation Receptors Somatomedin Cell biology Receptors Estrogen GPER Transcription Factors |
| Zdroj: | Steroids. 77:174-184 |
| ISSN: | 0039-128X |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.10.016 |
| Popis: | Hormone activated estrogen receptors (ERs) have long been appreciated as potent mediators of gene expression in female reproductive tissues. These highly targeted responses likely evolved from more elemental roles in lower organisms, in agreement with their widespread effects in the cardiovascular, immunological, central nervous, and skeletal tissue systems. Still, despite intense investigation, the multiple and often perplexing roles of ERs retain significant attention. In the skeleton, this in part derives from apparently opposing effects by ER agonists on bone growth versus bone remodeling, and in younger versus older individuals. The complexity associated with ER activation can also derive from their interactions with other hormone and growth factor systems, and their direct and indirect effects on gene expression. We propose that part of this complexity results from essential interactions between ERs and other transcription factors, each with their own biochemical and molecular intricacies. Solving some of the many questions that persist may help to achieve better, or better directed, use of agents that can drive ER activation in focused and possibly tissue restricted ways. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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