Assessment of Major and Trace Elements in Drinking Groundwater in Bisha Area, Saudi Arabia

Autor:	Eid I. Brima, Abubakr Elkhaleefa, Faleh Z. Alqahtani, Yasir F. Alaryan, Saifedin Y. DaifAllah
Jazyk:	angličtina
Rok vydání:	2020
Předmět:	021110 strategic defence & security studies geography Irrigation geography.geographical_feature_category Article Subject Chemistry 0211 other engineering and technologies Hard water Trace element Aquifer 02 engineering and technology General Chemistry 010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Chloride World health Environmental chemistry medicine Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry QD1-999 Groundwater 0105 earth and related environmental sciences medicine.drug
Zdroj:	Journal of Chemistry, Vol 2020 (2020)
ISSN:	2090-9063
DOI:	10.1155/2020/5265634
Popis:	Drinking groundwater represents 30% of the world’s fresh water and 0.9% of the whole world’s water. Therefore, routine analysis and monitoring of the groundwater is a paramount issue, specifically the measurement of elemental concentrations due to aquifer characterization. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to determine major and trace elements in groundwater. In total, 25 samples of groundwater were collected from wells in the Bisha area, Asir province, Saudi Arabia. All samples were analyzed for major and trace elements by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In total, 15 elements were measured including four major elements (Na, K, Mg, and Ca) and 11 trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Pb). Major elements (Na, Mg, and Ca) exceeded the guideline limits in some samples. In addition, only one trace element (Se) exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits in some samples. This could be due to rock characteristics in aquifers. Very hard water was shown in 92% of the samples. Moreover, a high percentage (32%) of the analyzed samples also exceeded the guideline levels for chloride. ANOVA analysis showed significant difference (p<0.05) between Bisha samples (North and South), Bisha samples (North), and the remaining samples, for V and pH, and Na, Cl−, EC, and TDS, respectively. No significant differences (p>0.05) were reported for Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Pb between all samples. In general, 25 significant (p>0.05) correlations were reported among the measured elements. For the positive correlations, similar distribution for the elements is anticipated. In conclusion, the groundwater in this study is not suitable for domestic use due to its hardness and only some are suitable for irrigation. More studies are needed to confirm our findings in the study area.
Databáze:	OpenAIRE
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