Lung cancer and cigarette smoking in Europe: an update of risk estimates and an assessment of inter-country heterogeneity
| Autor: | Fredrik Nyberg, Paul Brennan, Heinz Erich Wichmann, Lorenzo Simonato, Simone Benhamou, Ellen Benhamou, Antonio Agudo, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Cristina Fortes, Francesco Forastiere, Sarah C. Darby, Göran Pershagen, Franco Merletti, Michael Gerken, Wolfgang Ahrens, Carlos A. Gonzales, Paola Zambon, Elise Whitley, Valerie Gaborieau, Hermann Pohlabeln, Franz Rösch, Paolo Boffetta, Michaela Kreuzer |
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| Rok vydání: | 2001 |
| Předmět: |
Male
Cancer Research medicine.medical_specialty Lung Neoplasms Time Factors Risk Assessment Risk Factors Environmental health Epidemiology Medicine Humans Risk factor Lung cancer Aged Smoke business.industry Public health Confounding Smoking Case-control study Odds ratio Middle Aged medicine.disease Surgery Europe Oncology Case-Control Studies Female business |
| Zdroj: | International journal of cancer. 91(6) |
| ISSN: | 0020-7136 |
| Popis: | Ten case-control studies have been carried out in 6 European countries to investigate the major risk factors for lung cancer. Carcinogenic effect from cigarette smoke was the most relevant interest in our study, which has included 7,609 cases of lung cancer and 10,431 controls, mainly population based. The results indicate elevated odds ratios (ORs; 23.9 among men and 8.7 among women) with attributable risks exceeding 90% for men and close to 60% for women. A large, and statistically significant, variability of the results across countries was detected after adjusting for the most common confounding variables, and after controlling, at least in part, for the instability of the ORs due to the small number of non-smokers in some of the study subsets. This pattern of lung cancer risk associated with cigarettes smoke, across different European regions, reflects inherent characteristics of the studies as well as differences in smoking habits, particularly calendar periods of starting, and it is likely to have been influenced by effect modifiers like indoor radon exposure, occupation, air pollution and dietary habits. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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