Prenylquinones in human parasitic protozoa: biosynthesis, physiological functions, and potential as chemotherapeutic targets
| Autor: | Camila A Zafra, Marcell Crispim, Alejandro M. Katzin, Rodrigo A.C. Sussmann, Ignasi Bofill Verdaguer, Emilia A. Kimura |
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| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Antiprotozoal Agents
Pharmaceutical Science FILOGENIA Antineoplastic Agents Review phylogeny Analytical Chemistry lcsh:QD241-441 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Biosynthesis lcsh:Organic chemistry Phylogenetics Drug Discovery drug targets neglected diseases Animals Humans Shikimate pathway parasitic protozoa Parasites Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Symbiosis 030304 developmental biology 0303 health sciences Molecular Structure biology 030306 microbiology Organic Chemistry Quinones Metabolism biology.organism_classification prenylquinones Biosynthetic Pathways Metabolic pathway Mitochondrial respiratory chain chemistry Biochemistry Chemistry (miscellaneous) Molecular Medicine Protozoa Leucine |
| Zdroj: | Repositório Institucional da USP (Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual) Universidade de São Paulo (USP) instacron:USP Molecules, Vol 24, Iss 20, p 3721 (2019) Molecules |
| Popis: | Human parasitic protozoa cause a large number of diseases worldwide and, for some of these diseases, there are no effective treatments to date, and drug resistance has been observed. For these reasons, the discovery of new etiological treatments is necessary. In this sense, parasitic metabolic pathways that are absent in vertebrate hosts would be interesting research candidates for the identification of new drug targets. Most likely due to the protozoa variability, uncertain phylogenetic origin, endosymbiotic events, and evolutionary pressure for adaptation to adverse environments, a surprising variety of prenylquinones can be found within these organisms. These compounds are involved in essential metabolic reactions in organisms, for example, prevention of lipoperoxidation, participation in the mitochondrial respiratory chain or as enzymatic cofactors. This review will describe several prenylquinones that have been previously characterized in human pathogenic protozoa. Among all existing prenylquinones, this review is focused on ubiquinone, menaquinone, tocopherols, chlorobiumquinone, and thermoplasmaquinone. This review will also discuss the biosynthesis of prenylquinones, starting from the isoprenic side chains to the aromatic head group precursors. The isoprenic side chain biosynthesis maybe come from mevalonate or non-mevalonate pathways as well as leucine dependent pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Finally, the isoprenic chains elongation and prenylquinone aromatic precursors origins from amino acid degradation or the shikimate pathway is reviewed. The phylogenetic distribution and what is known about the biological functions of these compounds among species will be described, as will the therapeutic strategies associated with prenylquinone metabolism in protozoan parasites. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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