From trihalomethanes chronic daily intake through multiple exposure routes to cancer and non-cancer health risk assessment: Evidence from public Portuguese indoor swimming pools facilities using a probabilistic approach
| Autor: | Filipa Esteves, Vanessa Valdiglesias, Joana Madureira, Diana Sequeira, João Paulo Teixeira, Ricardo Assunção, Carla Costa, Blanca Laffon |
|---|---|
| Přispěvatelé: | Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2022 |
| Předmět: |
Multiple exposure
Risk analysis Male Environmental Engineering Monitoring Dibromochloromethane Bromodichloromethane Risk Assessment chemistry.chemical_compound Swimming Pools Water Supply Environmental health Neoplasms Environmental Chemistry Medicine Humans Waste Management and Disposal Health risk assessment Inhalation Portugal business.industry Cancer Human Exposure medicine.disease Pollution Água e Solo chemistry Female Chloroform Avaliação do Risco Genotoxicidade Ambiental business Risk assessment Environmental Health Water Pollutants Chemical Trihalomethanes |
| Popis: | This study aimed to estimate chronic daily intake (CDI) and to predict the attributable lifetime cancer risk (LCR) and hazard index (HI) from concurrent exposure to four trihalomethanes (THMs; chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform), via multiple exposure routes (oral ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation), among 238 non-competitive attendees of 10 Portuguese public indoor swimming pools (SPs), using a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulations. Exposure parameters of study participants were collected via questionnaires and THMs levels in SPs water were determined according the respective normative standards. The CDI for total THMs calculated for male and female participants considering all routes was 7.52 and 8.97 mg/kg/day, respectively. SP attendees presented higher CDI through inhalation than via the other two exposure routes, and chloroform was the compound contributing the most to total THMs CDI. The risk analysis indicated that the total LCR and HI from the targeted THMs were higher than the negligible risk levels (1 × 10-6 and 1, respectively) in the scenarios examined (central tendency exposure and reasonable maximum exposure), and the health risk for females was slightly higher than for males. This study suggests that there are possible adverse health risks, thus, to protect pool attendees, adequate mitigation measures, and comprehensive regulatory guidelines on individual THMs concentrations are needed. Highlights: Chloroform was the main THM; inhalation route was found to be the most relevant; The carcinogenic risk exceeds U.S. EPA negligible level; The non-carcinogenic risk is several orders greater than the recommended value; Females are more susceptible to cancer and non-cancer risk from total THMs exposure. This work was supported by the Project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER 000010, Health, Comfort and Energy in the Built Environment (HEBE), co-financed by Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (NORTE2020), through the European Regional Development Fund and by the Foundation for Science and Technology – FCT (Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education) under the project UIDB/04750/2020. Joana Madureira and Carla Costa are supported by FCT (SFRH/BPD/115112/2016 and SFRH/BPD/96196/2013 grants, respectively). Ri cardo Assunção was supported by FCT Individual CEEC 2018 Assistant Researcher Grant CEECIND/01570/2018. The authors are also grateful for the support from Xunta de Galicia [ED431B 2019/02], Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte [BEAGAL18/00142 to V.V.], Programa IACOBUS Estancias de Investigación 2021; and FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020) through national funds. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|