Alcohol-associated liver disease: A review on its pathophysiology, diagnosis and drug therapy

Autor: Shivkanya Fuloria, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria, Srikumar Chakravarthi, Ravindran Jegasothy, Wu Yuan Seng, Anju Das, Iswar Hazarika
Rok vydání: 2020
Předmět:
Cirrhosis
Health
Toxicology and Mutagenesis
medicine.medical_treatment
Immune modulation
NAC
N-acetylcysteine
AST
aspartate aminotransferase
010501 environmental sciences
Toxicology
Bioinformatics
01 natural sciences
Targeted therapy
OLT
Orthotopic liver transplantation
TLR4
toll-like receptor 4
Liver disease
0302 clinical medicine
Pregnancy
RA1190-1270
ALD
alcohol associated liver disease
GSH
Glutathione
Liver injury
CD14
cluster of differentiation14
Fatty liver
Regular Article
IGR
intrauterine growth retardation
H2O2
hydrogen peroxide
Liver pathogenesis
NADPH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
HCV
chronic hepatitis C
Alcohol
HSC
hepatic stellate cells
ECM
extracellualr matrix
FASD
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Alcoholic hepatitis
03 medical and health sciences
Pharmacotherapy
ROS
reactive oxygen species
ALT
alanine aminotransferase
medicine
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Hepatitis
business.industry
GGTP
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
TNF
Tumor necrosis factor
medicine.disease
IL
interleukin
CHD
congenital heart disease
MDF
maddrey’s discriminant function
FDA
food and drug administration
NA
nutritional assessment
JECH
Japan Environment and Children's Study
Toxicology. Poisons
business
030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Zdroj: Toxicology Reports
Toxicology Reports, Vol 8, Iss, Pp 376-385 (2021)
ISSN: 2214-7500
Popis: Highlights • Chronic intake of alcohol initiates a pathogenic process that involves the production of protein-aldehyde adducts, and release of cytokines. • Involved gene polymorphisms may include alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome P4502E1, and those associated with alcoholism. • Alcohol ingestion could be correlated to the risk of preterm births, there is no exact dose-response relationship. • Oral drugs of pentoxifylline have reduced the severity of steatohepatitis in alcohol-use patients.
One of the global burdens of health care is an alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and liver-related death which is caused due to acute or chronic consumption of alcohol. Chronic consumption of alcohol damage the normal defense mechanism of the liver and likely to disturb the gut barrier system, mucosal immune cells, which leads to decreased nutrient absorption. Therapy of ALD depends upon the spectrum of liver injury that causes fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. The foundation of therapy starts with abstinence from alcohol. Corticosteroids are used for the treatment of ALD but due to poor acceptance, continuing mortality, and identification of tumor necrosis factor-alpha as an integral component in pathogenesis, recent studies focus on pentoxifylline and, antitumor necrosis factor antibody to neutralize cytokines in the therapy of severe alcoholic hepatitis. Antioxidants also play a significant role in the treatment but till today there is no universally accepted therapy available for any stage of ALD. The treatment aspects need to restore the gut functions and require nutrient-based treatments to regulate the functions of the gut system and prevent liver injury. The vital action of saturated fatty acids greatly controls the gut barrier. Overall, this review mainly focuses on the mechanism of alcohol-induced metabolic dysfunction, contribution to liver pathogenesis, the effect of pregnancy, and targeted therapy of ALD.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
Externí odkaz: