Perfluorooctane sulphonate in raw and drinking water sources in the United Kingdom
| Autor: | Clare L. McLaughlin, Paul C. Rumsby, Mark Harman, Simon Blake, Rakesh Kanda, Tom Hall, James A. Foster |
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| Rok vydání: | 2011 |
| Předmět: |
Granular activated carbon
Environmental Engineering Water source Management Monitoring Policy and Law Contamination Pollution Perfluorooctane chemistry.chemical_compound chemistry Environmental chemistry Bioaccumulation Environmental science media_common.cataloged_instance Water quality European union Raw water Water Science and Technology media_common |
| Zdroj: | Water and Environment Journal. 25:13-21 |
| ISSN: | 1747-6585 |
| DOI: | 10.1111/j.1747-6593.2009.00183.x |
| Popis: | There has been increasing interest in the widely used perfluorinated chemicals such as perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS). PFOS has been shown to be toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative in the environment and is a focus for restriction within the European Union. Limited monitoring data, especially in the United Kingdom, are available for PFOS in environmental waters, and even less for its detection in drinking water. Data available in the United Kingdom indicate that PFOS contamination of environmental waters has only occurred following specific incidents. Monitoring of 20 raw and treated drinking water sites in England, covering four seasonal periods, showed that PFOS is not a widespread background contaminant of raw and treated drinking water in England. Low levels of PFOS (0.012-0.208 μg/L) were detected at four specific sites, which were at a higher risk for contamination. At three of these sites, where PFOS was detected in both raw and final drinking water, treatment processes [chlorination, ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC)] did not appear to remove PFOS. The findings of this work are pertinent to risk assessments now required by the drinking water quality regulations. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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