| Popis: |
Attempts to discern the phylogeny of groups of organisms can be traced from the use of allozymes (enzymes encoded by different alleles of the same locus), thence of targeted genes in the mitochondrial morphological criteria, and nuclear genomes, and the current phase of phylogenomics in which multiple gene loci and even entire genomes can be searched for their application in phylogenetic reconstruction. At each step in this progress there has been the challenge of incongruence between different markers in the phylogenetic patterns that are resolved statistically, between morphological and molecular characters, and between genetic loci. This chapter discusses these issues with reference to both fossil and living oysters, describes the phylogenies that have been proposed, and reviews the role of phylogenetic analysis in understanding their phylogeography. |
