Dziedzictwo architektury powojennej polski jako zapis przemian politycznych, społecznych i ekonomicznych

Autor: Małgorzata Rozbicka
Jazyk: polština
Rok vydání: 2017
Předmět:
DOI: 10.24358/odk_2017_03_04
Popis: vol.3 (2017) 045-068
Celem opracowania jest ukazanie szczególnej różnorodności zasobu polskiej architektury powojennej w powiązaniu z wielokrotnie od 1945 roku zachodzącymi w Polsce przemianami politycznymi, społecznymi i ekonomicznymi. Przez społeczeństwo polskie postrzeganymi w jednych przypadkach negatywnie, w innych pozytywnie i wzbudzającymi, podobnie jak związane z tymi przemianami dziedzictwo architektoniczne, bardzo różne emocje i odczucia społeczne – poczynając od sprzeciwu, przez kontestację, po zdecydowane poparcie. Obecnie znajdujące swój wyraz w różnicowaniu społecznej oceny idei ochrony konserwatorskiej spuścizny architektonicznej pochodzącej z różnych etapów rozwoju powojennej Polski. Spuścizny niezaprzeczalnie stanowiącej dziedzictwo kulturowe, które bez względu na konotacje polityczne, w zakresie adekwatnym do jego obiektywnych wartości artystycznej, historycznej i naukowej, winno podlegać ochronie.
Poland’s postwar architecture and urban planning is a phenomenon that is remarkably diverse both formally and in terms of content. Although Polish architects were never completely isolated from European and world architecture following 1945, their architectural creativity up to 1989 was strongly influenced by political, social, and economic changes taking place in Poland. Seen by the Polish people in a negative light in certain cases and in a positive one in others, this parallels the very diverse emotions and feelings tied to these changes in material heritage that range from outright opposition, through dissent, up to pronounced support, including with respect to the idea of heritage protection of the architectural legacy born of various phases of the postwar development of Poland. The article encompass a discussion of principle or characteristic architectural achievements starting with the 1945–1949 period when Polish architecture was not yet subject to the total nationalization and centralization introduced by the communists. These few years when Polish architecture was relatively free to develop in direct correspondence to interwar Modernism was followed by a period of strong ideological injection. As in the case of other countries remaining within the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union, the 1949–1955 period saw a Polish architecture marked by the combating of cosmopolitan Modernism by a totalitarian neo–Classicism intent on reflecting the social and economic transformations of socialism (Social Realism). The 1956–1960 period, known as the “post–October thaw”, saw Poland’s brief turn towards the course in architectural development taken by the world in general, only to be followed by the nineteen–sixties decade of Socialist Modernism (“socmodernism”) that proved to be a key to Poland’s postwar modernization in political and social terms. The architecture of some public facilities was still marked by ambitious and experimental designs in the spirit of the avant–garde. At the same time, especially in the case of housing, it was witness to the first extremely standardized building construction efforts completely subservient to the technocratic dogmas of “Real Socialism,” especially rigorous economic and utilitarian standards. The successive section of the article characterize the Socialist Modern architecture of the years 1970–1980 when there was a considerable opening up of Poland to the West in both a political and economic sense. Decade of exceptionally dynamic development in housing (already partially liberated of the dogma of standards and extreme standardization) combined with loans resulted in a whole array of ambitious public facilities, including very many very interesting churches that should be seen against the backdrop of other countries of what was known as the Eastern Bloc. The architectural achievements of the nineteen–eighties are also presented. This was a period of growing social and political crisis and the ongoing dismantling of the Soviet model of communism and its replacement by more democratic structures. In Polish architecture, this was marked by a freeing of the architectural market and a return of the position of individual architectural creativity. The consequence of this was unprecedented development mainly inspired by the ideology of Postmodernism and stylistic pluralism. The nineteen–nineties added to this the intensely expanding commercialization and neoliberalism of the architectural dialogue that, in practice, marked the end of the social ethos of the architecture of Modernism in Poland.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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