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Introduction Respiratory rate (RR) is a key marker of stress with evidence that raised RR is the vital sign most predictive of cardiac events. Respiratory monitoring is critical to detecting Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB). COVID-19 highlighted the importance of infection control, and methods of detecting RR without direct airstream contact have wide application for diagnostic and monitoring in respiratory medicine. This scoping review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of indirect respiratory monitoring. Method Systematic literature searches were conducted according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines on PubMed, Embase, ProQuest and Scopus covering articles published between January 2012, until February 2022. Data was extracted into the following categories : physiological signal, sensor type, sensor location and field of use. Analysis methods and effectiveness of each method were also assessed. Results 10736 articles were screened, 236 articles were included for analysis. 61.9% (n=146) monitored respiration through periodic motion of the chest and abdomen, 22.5% (n=53) cardiorespiratory coupling 7.6% (n=18) airstream temperature, 2.5% (n=6) respiratory sounds, 0.4% (n=) remote airflow monitoring, and 5.1% (n=12) combined markers. Medical and clinical research accounted for 42.4% (n=100) of papers, health and exercise monitoring 28% (n=66), and sleep monitoring 16.9% (n=40).22 different sensor types were identified, the most common being remote radar monitoring 17.8% (n=42), photoplethysmography 14.8% (n=35), AI assisted video monitoring 9.7% (n=23) and thermal imaging 8.5% (n=20). Discussion Indirect RR monitoring technology that is typically unutilized in clinical settings. Continued development in AI assisted signal analysis will make these methods more accessible for clinical and consumer use. |
