| Popis: |
The author’s research traces the origins and history of conservation finance to the present day conservation financing instruments being used for tropical coral reefs. In 1634, the Boston Commons was established and is possibly the oldest public open space in the English-speaking world. The first national park appears to be Yellowstone National Park in 1872. The first 100% marine protected area appears to be the Garden of Tane (1883), followed by Letonnokan Merenrantaniitty (1900), Shell Keys (1907), and Key West (1908). In 1891, the first conservation easement is structured, followed likely by international budgetary allocations. Modern day impact investing is comparable to socially responsible investing, which took off in the 1970s and in the late 1970s, the concept of payments for ecosystem services appears. In 1983, the term “ecotourism” is first coined by Mexican architect Hector Ceballos-Lascurain. Debt-for-nature swaps came along shortly thereafter with the first terrestrial swap conducted in 1987. One of the first debt-for-nature swaps related to the marine environment was completed in the Seychelles in 2015. The origin of commercial, sustainable procurement with independent certification standards likely started with the creation of the Forest Stewardship Council and the Sustainable Forestry Initiative in 1994. The Marine Stewardship Council’s Fisheries Standard was then “born” in 1998. The first widely recognized green bonds were issued in 2007 and 2008 by the World Bank and European Investment Bank. The first “blue bond” with funds ring-fenced to fund “sustainable fisheries and marine projects” was launched for the Seychelles in 2018. |
