| Popis: |
The importance of science and technology to industrial development is unchallenged. What has occupied many researchers in the last half of the 20th century is trying to understand the process of technological progress and industrial development in order to better manage it. An early notion was that progress proceeded in a linear fashion, starting with scientific research producing fundamental knowledge, which then stimulated applied research and development (R&D). This R&D then led to marketable products, newer and better than the old ones. This simple idea has been set aside in favor of much more complicated systems with multiple feedback loops and interactions between technological, economic, social, and management systems. Firms are no longer regarded as independent or isolated actors, but are more properly seen as being parts of a system, linked together (technologically, economically, socially, and managerially) in groups or clusters. |
