| Popis: |
Three binary fluids, aniline-cyclohexane, nitrobenzene-$n$-hexane, and isobutyric acid---water, have been studied by light scattering and turbidity techniques near their critical points, both at the thermodynamic equilibrium and under a shear flow, as a function of the variables temperature $T$, relative concentration $M$, shear rate $S$, and wave vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}$. The following results have been obtained: (i) Out of equilibrium. The region where a shear affects the critical behavior has been determined in the plane ($M$,$T$); the crossover temperature varies as ${M}^{2}$, and the coexistence curve exhibits the classical exponent ($\ensuremath{\beta}=\frac{1}{2}$). A small temperature change due to the shear was detected; its value is about four times lower than that calculated by the Onuki-Kawasaki theory. The susceptibility versus $T$, $M$, $S$, and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}$ is well represented by the Onuki-Kawasaki formulation, in particular the exponent $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ shows the classical value ($\ensuremath{\gamma}=1$). (ii) At equilibrium. The susceptibility and the correlation length have been measured on the critical isochore above ${T}_{c}$, on the coexistance curve, and on the critical isotherm. The universal amplitude ratios $\frac{{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}^{+}}{{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$, $\frac{{C}^{+}}{{C}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$, ${R}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{+}$, and ${Q}_{2}$ have been obtained. The typical time taken by the system to return to equilibrium after having been perturbed by shear has been analyzed in terms of mass diffusion. |
