| Popis: |
The incidence of lower back or neck pain and related radicular pain has become increasingly common throughout the industrialized and developing world. Epidural injections for management of back pain and radicular pain have been performed for decades. It is the most commonly utilized intervention for managing chronic and acute lower back pain. Improvement in anatomic knowledge, coupled by major advances in medical equipment and imaging devices, has led to rapid growth in use of epidural steroid injections beyond the lower back pain treatment. Cervical, thoracic, and sacral anatomic sites are becoming more utilized to target spine pain by interventional clinicians. This chapter describes patient selection; indications and contraindications; techniques and anatomic considerations for interlaminar, transforaminal, and caudal approaches; complications; and the scientific evidence behind these procedures. |
