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Depression is characterized by a cognitive bias toward negative memory recall (Beck, 1969; Kircanski et al., 2012; LeMoult & Gotlib, 2019). This cognitive bias may last beyond depressive episodes and indicates a risk of relapse in those who are in remission (Everaert et al., 2022; Ingram, 1984; Ronold et al., 2020). While earlier studies have primarily concentrated on negative memory bias (MB) in depression (Beck, 1969; Duyser et al., 2020; Hertel, 2004; Kircanski et al., 2012), less attention has been given to positive MB formation. Recent studies suggest that the absence of positive MB may be a crucial factor distinguishing depressed and never-depressed individuals (Askelund et al., 2019; Everaert et al., 2022; Gaddy & Ingram, 2014), making it a potential target for novel treatment approaches. Worth noting, however, is that research on the prevalence of MB in those remitted from depression has produced inconsistent results (Everaert et al., 2022; Hallford et al., 2022; Romero et al., 2014).This may occur because previous research on MB has primarily been conducted in laboratory settings (Lin et al., 2021; Ridout et al., 2003; Zupan et al., 2017), neglecting the impact of daily-life stressors and context on MB processes. Indeed, contextual factors have been shown to play an important role in this (Vrijsen et al., 2021). Incorporating daily-life context such as stressors in the research design may clarify the presence or absence of MB in this population, as daily-life processes may serve to activate latent depressogenic schemas (Everaert et al., 2022; Fritzsche et al., 2010; Kircanski et al., 2012; Rude et al., 2001; Timbremont & Braet, 2004). Daily life fluctuations in MB under changing contexts can be investigated using ecological momentary assessments (EMA). EMA involves conducting multiple assessments per day during the participant's daily life, providing a more ecologically valid approach to examining MB (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1987). Assessing memory bias and depressotypic negative affect through EMA also allows for the examination of temporaneous and contemporaneous effects, including emotional inertia, which may affect cognitive emotional processing (Brose et al., 2015; Kuppens et al., 2010) . The aim for this pre-registration is to investigate memory bias (MB) in depression in a contextually dependent manner using data from the MEDAL study (Vrijsen et al., 2021). In the MEDAL study, never depressed, depressed, and remitted participants were followed in daily life using EMA questions probing affect, memory bias, and stress. Data will be analyzed to investigate how these dynamics play out in real-life settings. |
