Formal Nonmonotonic Theories and Properties of Human Defeasible Reasoning
| Autor: | Tanja Bock, Christian Eichhorn, Alice Ping Tse, Marco Ragni, Gabriele Kern-Isberner |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Reasoning system
Deductive reasoning Opportunistic reasoning business.industry 05 social sciences Psychology of reasoning 02 engineering and technology Model-based reasoning 050105 experimental psychology Philosophy Qualitative reasoning Artificial Intelligence 0202 electrical engineering electronic engineering information engineering 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences Artificial intelligence Defeasible reasoning Non-monotonic logic business Mathematics |
| Zdroj: | Minds and Machines. 27:79-117 |
| ISSN: | 1572-8641 0924-6495 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s11023-016-9414-1 |
| Popis: | The knowledge representation and reasoning of both humans and artificial systems often involves conditionals. A conditional connects a consequence which holds given a precondition. It can be easily recognized in natural languages with certain key words, like "if" in English. A vast amount of literature in both fields, both artificial intelligence and psychology, deals with the questions of how such conditionals can be best represented and how these conditionals can model human reasoning. On the other hand, findings in the psychology of reasoning, such as those in the Suppression Task, have led to a paradigm shift from the monotonicity assumptions in human inferences towards nonmonotonic reasoning. Nonmonotonic reasoning is sensitive for information change, that is, inferences are drawn cautiously such that retraction of previous information is not required with the addition of new information. While many formalisms of nonmonotonic reasoning have been proposed in the field of Artificial Intelligence, their capability to model properties of human reasoning has not yet been extensively investigated. In this paper, we analyzed systematically from both a formal and an empirical perspective the power of formal nonmonotonic systems to model (i) possible explicit defeaters, as in the Suppression Task, and (ii) more implicit conditional rules that trigger nonmonotonic reasoning by the keywords in such rules. The results indicated that the classical evaluation for the correctness of inferences has to be extended in the three major aspects (i) regarding the inference system, (ii) the knowledge base, and (iii) possible assumed exceptions for the rule. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|