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A mature field located in a gently dipping structure onshore Abu Dhabi has multiple stacked oil and gas reservoirs experiencing different levels of depletion. The average reservoir pressure in some of these intervals had declined from the early production years to the present day by more than 2000 psi. Coupled geomechanical modelling is, therefore, of the greatest value to predict the stress paths in producing reservoir units, using the concept of effective stress. This paper examines the implications for long-term field management—focusing primarily on estimating the potential for reservoir compaction and predicting field subsidence. This paper takes the work reported in Noufal et al. (2020) one step further by integrating the results of a comprehensive geomechanical laboratory characterization study designed to assess the potential geomechanical changes in the stacked reservoirs from pre-production conditions to abandonment. This paper adopts a geomechanical modelling approach integrating a wide array of data—including prestack seismic inversion outputs and dynamic reservoir simulation results. This study comprised four phases. After the completion of rock mechanics testing, the first modelling phase examined geomechanics on a fine scale around individual wells. The goal of the second phase was to build 4D mechanical earth models (4D MEMs) by incorporating 14 reservoir models—resulting in one of the largest 4D MEMs ever built worldwide. The third phase involved determining the present-day stress state—matching calibrated post-production 1D MEMs and interpreted stress features. Lastly, the resulting model was used for field management and formation stimulation applications. The 4D geomechanical modelling results indicated stress changes in the order of several MPa in magnitude compared with the pre-production stress state, and some changes in stress orientations, especially in the vicinity of faults. This was validated using well images and direct stress measurements, indicating the ability of the 4D MEM to capture the changes in stress magnitudes and orientations caused by depletion. In the computed results, the 4D MEM captures the onset of pore collapse and its accelerating response as observed in the laboratory tests conducted on cores taken from different reservoir units. Pore collapse is predicted in later production years in areas with high porosity, and it is localized. The model highlights the influence of stress changes on porosity and permeability changes over time, thus providing insights into the planning of infill drilling and water injection. Qualitatively, the results provide invaluable insights into delineating potential sweet spots for stimulation by hydraulic fracturing. |
