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The ecological group of aquatic carnivorous plants includes monotypic Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. (Droseraceae) and around 60 species of Utricularia L. (Lentibulariaceae). Although the majority of aquatic carnivorous species are perennials and propagate mainly vegetatively by branching, shoot fragmentation and turions, the majority of them also set seeds (Taylor 1989; Cross 2012; Cross et al. 2016, 2018). While these modes of vegetative propagation in temperate species ensure the production of high plant biomass at sites during each season and turions also serve population overwintering (Adamec 1999a, 2011), functional seeds form a viable seed bank as a safety measure to overcome crucial habitat disturbances (mainly drought) leading to biomass extinction and are usually spread by water birds to colonize new potential distant sites (Santamaria 2002; Cross 2012; Cross et al. 2016, 2018). |
