The Kepler-19 System: A Thick-envelope Super-Earth with Two Neptune-mass Companions Characterized Using Radial Velocities and Transit Timing Variations

Autor: Malavolta, L, Borsato, L, Granata, V, Piotto, G, Lopez, E, Vanderburg, A, Figueira, P, Mortier, A, Nascimbeni, V, Affer, L, Bonomo, AS, Bouchy, F, Buchhave, LA, Charbonneau, D, Cameron, AC, Cosentino, R, Dressing, CD, Dumusque, X, Fiorenzano, AFM, Harutyunyan, A, Haywood, RD, Johnson, JA, Latham, DW, Lopez-Morales, M, Lovis, C, Mayor, M, Micela, G, Molinari, E, Motalebi, F, Pepe, F, Phillips, DF, Pollacco, D, Queloz, D, Rice, K, Sasselov, D, Ségransan, D, Sozzetti, A, Udry, S, Watson, C
Jazyk: angličtina
Předmět:
Popis: We report a detailed characterization of the Kepler-19 system. This star was previously known to host a transiting planet with a period of 9.29 days, a radius of 2.2 R⊕ and an upper limit on the mass of 20 M⊕. The presence of a second, non-transiting planet was inferred from the transit time variations (TTVs) of Kepler-19b, over 8 quarters of Kepler photometry, although neither mass nor period could be determined. By combining new TTVs measurements from all the Kepler quarters and 91 high-precision radial velocities obtained with the HARPS-N spectrograph, we measured through dynamical simulations a mass of 8.4±1.6 M⊕ for Kepler-19b. From the same data, assuming system coplanarity, we determined an orbital period of 28.7 days and a mass of 13.1±2.7 M⊕ for Kepler-19c and discovered a Neptune-like planet with a mass of 20.3±3.4 M⊕ on a 63 days orbit. By comparing dynamical simulations with non-interacting Keplerian orbits, we concluded that neglecting interactions between planets may lead to systematic errors that could hamper the precision in the orbital parameters when the dataset spans several years. With a density of 4.32±0.87 g cm−3 (0.78±0.16 ρ⊕) Kepler-19b belongs to the group of planets with a rocky core and a significant fraction of volatiles, in opposition to low-density planets characterized by transit-time variations only and the increasing number of rocky planets with Earth-like density. Kepler-19 joins the small number of systems that reconcile transit timing variation and radial velocity measurements.
The HARPS-N project was funded by the Prodex Program of the Swiss Space Office (SSO), the Harvard University Origin of Life Initiative (HUOLI), the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), the University of Geneva, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), the Italian National Astrophysical Institute (INAF), University of St. Andrews, Queen’s University Belfast, and University of Edinburgh. The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007- 2013) under grant agreement number 313014 (ETAEARTH). This work was performed in part under contract with the California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory funded by NASA through the Sagan Fellowship Program executed by the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. A.V. is supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, grant No. DGE 1144152. This publication was made possible by a grant from the John Templeton Foundation. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the John Templeton Foundation. This material is based upon work supported by NASA under grant No. NNX15AC90G issued through the Exoplanets Research Program. P.F. acknowledges support by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through Investigador FCT contract of reference IF/01037/2013 and POPH/FSE (EC) by FEDER funding through the program “Programa Operacional de Factores de Competitividade—COMPETE”, and further support in the form of an exploratory project of reference IF/ 01037/2013CP1191/CT0001. X.D. is grateful to the Society in Science–Branco Weiss Fellowship for its financial support.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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