| Popis: |
Cities are increasingly vulnerable to damage and disruption from adverse weather events, due to their high concentration of people and assets and a changing climate. In the United Kingdom, the winter storms of 2010 cost the economy £280 million per day, and the government is set to invest £300 billion to protect infrastructure assets at risk from flooding. Improved engineering and planning decisions in the face of complex interactions between climate hazards, infrastructure, and actors within the urban system requires novel analytical tools and methodologies. This chapter addresses the impacts of climate extremes across the transportation sector, particularly in impact modeling studies. In particular, it describes how the nature of the transport system, including its multifaceted vulnerabilities, complexity, and spatially heterogeneous network criticality, places unique demands on the impacts community (e.g., reduced or lack of mobility) and poses interesting questions on suitable pathways to integration into inter-sectoral climate risk assessments. This chapter provides an overview of current knowledge of the impacts of weather and climate extremes on transport, highlighting case studies of extreme flooding impacting roads and rail. Both studies underline the necessity of systems approaches to tackle the challenges brought by urban complexity. It is demonstrated that combining flood modeling and transport networks into the impact analysis improves engineering decision-making and enables the prioritization of adaptation investments in urban areas. The findings and the methodology are of interest to academics, planners, economists, and engineers, as well as communities affected by disruptive events. |
